Genius loci

the spirit of the place

acropolis (especially Athenian)

"highest city"

Temple of Apollo at Delphi

Altar at the Temple of Poseidon

Temple of Posiedon

axis mundi

sipapu

** umbilical cord of the earth – native American

used by the Ancient Pueblo Peoples..  It symbolizes the portal through which their ancient ancestors first emerged to enter the present world.

Acoma Pueblo

Books of Hours 

months and the cosmic calendar

Caves at Lascaux 

15,000 ‑ 10,000 B. C. in the Dordogne region, France

cosmogenic 

pertaining to the branch of astronomy dealing with the origin and history and structure and dynamics of the universe..

(axis mundi & sipapu)

"the sacred & the profane" by Mircea Eliade

cycle of the Nile River 

Akhet: the time of the Nile flood

Peret: the sowing time

Shemu: the time of harvest

Delphi, the sanctuary and temple complex...

Eden

"delightful place"

“a place that is well-watered throughout”

Gher-eden

walled or enclosed

gher (enclose) + eden (pleasure) = garden 

Epic of Gilgamesh 

c. 2500 B. C‑ ‑ a Babylonian text which includes a "vision" of a ziggurat.

cedar tree = inspiration 

Hanging gardens of Babylon

604-562 B.C.

example of a ziggurat

ziggurat

"to build on a raised area"

mountain of paradise

Four rivers of paradise

Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon, Hiddekel

locus amoenus

a beautiful, shady lawn or open woodland

connected to eden

latin : "pleasant place"

persian for paradise

Elements of a plaisance: 

Encircling wall and gate

Fountains/pools

Arbors

Seats –turf and settled Fruiting trees

Scented flowers Parterres and topiary

Raised beds

Small labyrinths

Accent pieces – statuary, urns

Maybe an area for jousting

Pueblo – Acoma and Bonito 

kiva- a room used for religious practices (pueblo bonito: axially connected rooms)

sipapu-  hole in ground (Acoma Pueblo)

sacred landscape 

implies a hierophany, an irruption of the sacred that results in detaching a territory from the surrounding cosmic milieu and making it qualitatively different.”

Hatshepsut’s Temple Tomb ..

or

Delphi in Greece 

Tree of Life and the Tree of Divine Knowledge..

Australian aboriginal tribe

pragmatic myths of origin = kurrpanugu (devil dingo) > desert > turned to stone

landscape = desert / rock caves

Chahar bagh

quadripartite garden

**water, milk, wine and honey**

"paradise garden"

example = Shalamar Bagh, Lahore

La Romance de la Rose

Encircling wall and gate

Fountains/pools

Fruiting trees

Scented flowers

Parterres and topiary

arcade

a passage or walkway, often including retailers

a succession of arches

Epistle 

epistolary form 

letter

addressing a recipient, in a letter format

forecourt

" to make a decision "

an architect's design presented in the form of a basic diagram and / or a simple statement.

patio

a roofless inner courtyard 

"back garden (yard)"

plaisance 

pleasantness

example = Romance of the Rose or "Romance de la Rose"

enfilade

a suite of rooms formally aligned with each other

The doors entering each room are aligned with the doors of the connecting rooms along a single axis, providing a vista through the entire suite of rooms.

example in The Vatican or Versailles 

Formal attributes of a courtyard..

spatial degree of enclosure - no roof - plan view - ground plane - scale

cloister garth

colonnade

Casa del Fauno, Pompeii (1^st century A.D.)

example of courtyard

colinade

axis

..

castle keep

excedra

Pliny the Younger

Gaius Caecilius Cilo

wrote Laurentine and Tuscan Letters

ramp douce 

seen at the Belvedere Cortile

spatial conditions for courtyards

suggested space vs. clear space

"pure space"

typology

the study of types of spatial quality

and experience 

villa urbana

example in Pompeii 

cassa del fauna

"comune"

example: tuscan villa

"countryside villa"

villa sub-urbana

outside of city..

example: villa madama

- landmark

-node

-path

-district

-edge

"living wall"

usually fruit trees creating a free standing fence

mainly in kitchen gardens

landscape painting

example: found at Versailles and Villa Lante

systematically planted orange tree's

(imported to france)

Example : @ Versailles 

clipped rows of trees that form a window down an axis

Monastery at St. Gall  in St. Gallen, Switzerland (ca. 720 A.D.)

example of a cloister

Paley Park, New York City

built by Zion & Breen (ca. 1970)

example of tree grove

Belvedere Cortile, Vatican, Rome (ca. 1506, by Donato Bramante for Pope Julius II)

example of 

ramp duce

excedra

forecourt

example of central courtyard

built by by Rafael and others (ca. 1518)

1544, by French Renaissance architect Pierre Lescot

example of : courtyard

fresco

"Experimental House"

near Jyvaskyla, Finland, by Alvar Aalto (mid-20^th century)

example of suggested space courtyard.. brick.. open side..window..vines

Beatrix Cadwalader Jones Farrand

(1872 -1952)

Landscape Architect Founding Fellow of the ASLA

located in granade spain

consistis of two courtyards:

court of lions (four water connections)

&

court of myrtles (pool)(light)

built by Philibert de L’Orme for Diane de Poitiers, mistress of King Henry II (1547-52)

example of courtyard..

two fountains (water,wine,milk,honey)

allotment garden

is a plot of land made available for individual, non-professional gardening

aquaduct

annual cycles

"labours of the month"

chinampa(s)

is a method of ancient Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangle-shaped areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico.

"floating gardens"

difference :community garden vs allotment garden

espalier

is the horticultural and ancient agricultural practice of controlling woody plant growth by pruning and tying branches so that they grow in relatively flat planes, frequently in formal patterns, against a structure such as a wall, fence, or trellis, and also plants which have been shaped in this way.

Many examples found in Castle gardens!

Les Tres Riches Heures de Duc du Berry

illuminated m Medieval anuscript about Tending and following the annual cycle of days and seasons.

qanat

is a water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements and for irrigationin hot, arid and semi-arid climates.

"marvel of engineering"

example:  Fars, Iran 1976

saqiya

a water-raising machine.

Oases

located in Mexico City

3 parts: the ecological park and lake, a sports park, and the plant and flower market.

The design recreated the historic chinampas of the lake and adapted the use.

Macchu Picchu

kitchen garden

or "potager"

-design based on repetitive geometric patterns

-It is a source ofherbs, vegetables, fruits, and edible flowers

-has year-round visual appeal and can incorporate permanent perennials or woody shrub plantings

example: "The Kings Kitchen Garden" @ Versailles

"Kitchen garden at Rousham"

Pliny the Younger's Tuscan Villa characteristic 

"working farm"

is an example of ferme ornée

ferme ornée

an ornamental but working farm

Middleton Place Plantation

1741

example of plantaion

located in Charleston, South Carolina

built by Henry Middleton

produced indigo and rice

Monticello

owned by Thomas Jefferson

is located in Charlottesville, Virgina,

it is a ferm ornee

inspired by Pliny Young

example of a vegetable garden

The Monastery at St. Gall is a prime example of ....

A cloister

potager

United States land ordinance survey grid

created by Thomas Jefferson in 1891

24 x 24 / 4(6x6) / township = 36 sections

Manifest Destiny

the inexorable movement westward to settle the nation

“edible estate”

book written by Fritz Haeg

un-used neighborhood lawns > localized gardens

Andalusia

azulejo

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahadah – testament or creed, a vow of faith

Salah – ritual prayer, 5 times a day towards Mecca 

Sawm – fasting during Ramadan (11 August to 9 September, in 2010)

Zakat – alms giving

Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once during your life

The Islamic garden

“... is a reflection of a deep knowledge and understanding of the natural order and of the Divine Unity that permeates all of our lives.”

Bustan.

the Persian word for orchard

Gulistan.

A rose garden. Gul means flower.

Chahar bagh.

A quadripartite garden layout, with four paths or watercourses representing “water, wine, milk, honey” and four sectors referencing the four seasons and cardinal directions.

garden carpet

show the essence of the Islamic ideal – and allow guest to be “seated” within the garden.

– Light and shade

– Surfaces: decorative, geometric, non-figural

– Water: use is restrained; usually well engineered

– Vegetation: flowers, fruiting trees, shrubs

-representitive of andalusi gardens

-water resistant timber

Chadar

trickeling water feature..

(stepped waterfall)

Shalimar Bagh, Kashmir

"abode of love"

- example of chahar bagh

-axis

located in Agra, India

built for Shah Jahan

huge example of chahar bagh

the Islamic garden in Spain

Casa de Pilatos, Seville- courtyard / colonade

Mughal

-Carpet Garden

- built in (ca. 1990)

 - built for HRH Prince Charles

- built by Michael Miller

Alhambra 

"the red palace"

is a palace and fortress complex by the Moorish rulers 

located in Granada, Spain

built for/by Nasrid Dynasty (13^th century)

tow court yards : court of lions and mertyle

1) Aesthetic experience of closeness with nature

2)Pursuit of scenery through movement and changing positions, leading to contemplation

3)predicated on central axes

4)sense of dynamism

the components of a scholar garden

•  Architecture •  Rock •  Water •  Plants

•  Elements like bridges, moon gates, viewing windows and platforms

The Garden of the Humble Administrator 

Zhou Zheng Yuan

located in Suzhou, China

Built 1513-26 (Ming Dynasty)

Built for Wang Xianchang

Yangtze River

Shuzhou

Built in 514 BCE

along the Yangtze River

pagoda

a tiered tower with multiple eaves

a religious function, most commonly Buddhist

- cultural basis

-personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity.

feng shui

rockwork / rockery in Chinese garden

used to create a mosaic walk way

- never ending knot design

-rock stack towers 

(“mountain and water”)

pursuit of scenery through movement

allée

a straight route with a line of trees or large shrubs running along each side

"coming to"

- a royal hunting and garden ground

- near Paris, France

 - built in (ca. 1660s) for Louis XIV

example: fresco

courtyard

for-court

allee

reflecting pool or canal 

axis

bois

chateau 

quincunx

quincunx

is a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor

- Louis XIV

built for Nicholas Fouquet in 1661

built by Le Nôtre

Apollo

key iconographic basis for Versailles and Louis XIV..

fountain @ Versailles

entrance to chateau

view from master balcony

areas of gallery forest

-statues within the forests around Versailles 

a celebration or party

example "ballet with sea monsters"( Neptune's fountain)

- court of honnor

- along center axis

cabinets de verdure

(1613-1700) 

gardener to the King

Sun King

“le roi du soleil” 

Louis XIV

(1638-1715)

chateau estate  – near the machines that pumped water to Versailles

parterre de broderie

tapis vert

Viterbo, Italy

built for Cardinal Gambara 

1560

fountain:

Pegasus fountain

Fountain of the Lion Cubs

Moors

example of grotto

Villa Farnese

&

Palazzo Farnese

capracola, italy

built by vignola

1573

example of Bomarzo

Bomarzo

the “Sacro Bosco” (sacred woods) near Viterbo, Italy

Villa Medici

powerful Italian family in rennisance

built villas in florence

exemplified ideals of humanism

Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola

fountain of neaptune

Water Organ Fountain.

The Fontana dell'Ovato

The Rometta fountain

the Owl Fountain

(1890s -1915)

Parks and parkways;

ex:

City Park

Botanical Gardens