-developed for and by aristocratic estate owners in the eighteenth century, became the paradigm for the nineteenth-century public park

-of, suggesting, or suitable for a picture

-visually pleasing, esp. in being striking or vivid; having a striking or colorful character, nature

-the action of seeing and being seen as well as the physical space that supports this behaviour.

-a public place for walking, usually along a seaside

-visible from most places throughout the landscape and has a view of the surrounding landscape as well

-An act or instance that may be used as an example in dealing with subsequent similar instances

-The idea that there are movements, styles, or previous constructions which inform the design and image of the place, and which are knowable and repeatable "types"

-The study or systematic classification of types that have characteristics or traits in common

-The 3 typologies we did this semester are: Courtyards, Urban Public Parks, and Villas

-French term

-garden structure intended as an evocation of past cultures or faraway places

-sometimes likened to theatrical scenery, were sometimes camouflage useful buildings, such as barns, but had no utilitarian purpose

-They are usually associated with jardin anglais and the jardin anglo-chinois

-Example: Stourhead in England

-A structure, usually elevated, designed for observing the surrounding landscape. 

-Derived from Italian bel (beautiful) vedere (to see)

-A covered outdoor platform for a band to play on

-a projecting element of a facade, used especially at the center or at each end and usually treated so as to suggest a tower

-A light, usually open building used for shelter, concerts, exhibits, etc.

-suspension bridge

-usually found in public parks

Porticus of Pompey

-large portico that ran behins Pompey's Theater toward the sacred area of Largo Argentina in the Campus Martius

-built between 63 and 52 BC

-architect: Vitruvius

Hestercombe

Somerset, Great Britian (1906-08) by Jekyll and Lutyens.

Rockefeller Garden

Seal Harbor, Maine by Beatrix Farrand. Begun 1921

Birkenhead Park

location: Liverpool, England

date: 1843-47

Designer: Joseph Paxton and Kemp

patron: ? the public?

Vocab: has pagodas 

1861-1933 Garden designer and urban planner

-from England

1824-1873 French horticulaturalist with Alphand Davioud, Gabriel-architect who worked with Alphand on Buttes Chaumont

"Developer" of modern Paris

Emperor of France from 1853-1870

1824-1895

-Architect

-worked with Downing, then Olmsted

-worked on Central Park, Manhattan, NYC, 91858-1863; 1865-78)

Park des Buttes Chaumont

Date: 1867

Location: Paris, France

Designer: Alphand (engineer)

Patron: Emperor Napoeleon III and the City of Paris

Factoid: set precedents for urban parks

Rousham House and Garden

§  Location: Oxfordshire, England

§  Date: 1737-41

§  Designer: William Kent

§  Patron: Colonel Robert Dormer-Cottrell (owner)

§  Significant aspects include:

·       Augustan style recalls glories of Rome

·       Circuit through woods and gardens

·       Pastoral

·       Picturesque

·       Viewsheds

Stourhead

§  Location Wiltshire, England

§  Date: 1741-80

§  Designer: henry Hoare II (owner)

§  Significant aspects include;

·       Filled ponds

·       Circuit with Roman/Greek like follies

·       Picturesque

Parc des Buttes Chaumont

§  Location: paris, France

§  Date: 1867

§  Designer: Apland (engineer)

§  Patron: Emreor Napoleon III, and City of Paris

§  Factoids

·       The park was developed as part of the remolding of Paris directed by Baron Haussmann, under directive from Napoleon III

·       The site was a former gypsum and limestone quarry mined for the construction of building in Paris and the United States

·       The park opened as part of the festivities of the Universal Exhibition in 1867=theme of art and industry

·       Contains a belvedere or tempietto (modeled after the Temple of Sybil) situated atop the central island, grotto (fabricated geology of Stalactites, hydraulic feat)

·       Celebrates technology/engineering-suspension bridge

·       Macadam roads

·       “rustic” seen in use of faux bois (reinforced concrete, either modeled or formed)

§  Precedents/influences:

·       English landscapes

o   Picturesques

o   Public parks

·       Expositions

o   Engineering and modern materials

·       Greek/Roman

o   Temple typology

·       Military engineering

Central Park

§  Location: NYC, New York

§  Date: 1858-63/1865-68

§  Designers: Calvert Vaux (architect) and Frederick Law Olmsted (Landscape Architect)

§  Patron: New York City Park Commission

§  Factoids:

·       Greensward plan endeavored to express dual concept of art

o   The artistry of the expression

·       A social conscience

o   Represented the ideals of democracy and social justice

·       Design included infrastructure of drainage

·       Bounded conditions/edges

o   Walled by city and also walls surround park

·       Multiple circulation systems with grade separation

o   Cross-town, equestrian, carriage, and pedestrian routes

o   Access and gates

·       Use of water

·       Types of planting (naturalized

·       Sophisticated use of materials from local stone to iron

·       Social expressions like “Dairy” and ice skating

The Great Pagoda at Kew Gardens

§  Location: Kew (southwest London), England

§  Date: completed 1762

§  Designer: William Chambers

§  Patron: Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales

§  Factoid:

·       Chinoiserie

o   Design in imitation of the Chinese Ta

·       Ten octagonal stories

§  Precedents and influences:

·       Chinese Scholar gardens

·       Japanese gardens

The Rose Residence

§  Location: Ridge, New Jersey

§  Date: 1953

§  Designer: James Rose

§  Patron: Rose and his mother and his sibling

§  Significant aspects:

·       Inside/outside relationship of Modernism

o   Literal transparency-

o   phenomenological transparency-

·       excellent use of space on a small lot

·       three buildings:

o   a main house for his mother

o   a guest house for his sister

o   a studio for himself

§  Precedents and influences:

·       Japanoiserie

o   Sketches began when he was stationed in Okinawa

o   Zen sensibility

§  Studied Zen Buddhism

o   Community Center

§  Location: Weslaco, TX

§  Dates: 1939

§  Designers: Garrett Eckbo’s landscape Architect

§  Patron: united State Farm Security Administration

§  Factoid:

·       Modernist

o   Exemplifies Eckbo’s social agenda and functional design

o   Landscape example of phenomenal transparency

o   Can be analyzed in layers

o   Overlapping spaces

Miller Residence

§  Location: Columbus, IN

§  Dates: 1955

§  Designer: Collaboration between Eero Saarinen, architect and Dan Kiley, landscape architect

§  Patron: Irwin and Xenia Miller

§  Factoid:

·       Modernist example of phenomenal transparency

·       Can be analyzed in layers

·       The organizational system

o   the grid and shifting of axial lines_a “pin wheel”_from the house into the landscape

·       overlapping spaces and hierarchy

·       garden has three parts:

o   near the house they formal complex and gardens

o   the grassy meadow

o   the “forest” by the river

Garden of Water and Light

§  Location: Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs, Paris

§  Dates: 1925

§  Designer: Gabriel Guevrekian

§  Factoid:

·       Cubist garden

·       New materials

·       Asymmetry

·       New shapes/motifs

·       References to anthropology

o   Hestercombe (Edwardian Garden)

§  Location: Somerset, England

§  Date: 1904-08

§  Designer: Collaboration of Sir Edwin Lutyens (arch) and Gertrude Jekyll (garden)

§  Factoid:

·       Monochromatic paintings with silvery-grey slate

·       Painterly approach of drift plantings

·       I’orangerie to side

·       Plants in wall

·       Expresses Jekyll’s painterly use of plants with seasonal variation

·       Perennial borders

o   Against walls and hedges

§  Precedents and influence:

·       Influenced by impressionist painting

·       Knew Monet

·       Color theory of Michel Chevreul

o   Simultaneous Contrast

Unesco

§  Location: Paris

§  Dates: 1956-58

§  Designers: Isamu Noguchi

§  Patron: UNESCO

§  Significant aspect:

·       A “Japanese gardens

·       Details such as pavers with varios scales

·       Restrained

·       Variety and views in small area

§  Precedents and influences:

·       Japanese gardens

·       Sculpture and the arts

·       Noguchi designed sculpture

·       Furniture

·       Sites gardens

Sutton Place

§  Location: Guildford, Surrey, England

§  Dates: 1980s

§  Designers: Sir Geoffrey and Susan Jellicoe

§  Patron: Stanley Seeger

§  Significant aspects:

·       Includes the Paradise Garden

·       A Moss Garden

·       A music garden

·       A surrealist Garden

o   Has several sizes of urns-Magritte Avenue

·       The Nicholson Wall sculpture

§  Precedents and influences:

·       The psyche

o   Jung and the study of the unconscious/subconscious becoming conscious

o   Allegory

o   History of garden and landscape

o   The actual history of this site

Laurie Garden, Millennuim Park (Chicago City Hall)

§  L: Chicago, Illinois

§  D: 2004

§  D: Piet Udolf, and Kathryn Gustafson and Robert Israel

§  P: Ann Lurie donated the 10 mil dolla dolla endowment

§  F: Indigenous prairie plants; plants that perform throughout four seasons; mood/emotions/psychology, “the artful arrangement of nature”

Soros Residence

§  L: Southampton, NY

§  D: 1980s

§  D: A.E. Bye

§  P: George Soros

§  Factoid

·       designed according to Bye’s ideas of mood, and with respect for the inherent “nature” of the site.

·       Designed on site, not as much in the studio.

·        Emphasized shadows!! (light as a design element)

§  Precedents and influences:

·       Contemporary art

·       Sense of place

Toronto Music Garden

§  L: Toronto, Canada

§  D: 1999

§  D: Julie Moir Messervy, in collaboration with cellist Yo Yo Ma

§  P: City of Toronto, Canada

§  F:

·       located b/w a marina and high-rise housing;

·       part of city’s 40-acre harbourfront par system,

§  Precedents and influences:

·        designed as interpretation of Bach’s Suite for unaccompanied Cello No. 1 in G Major”;

·       six movement and thus six parts of the garden:

o   prelude (an undulating riverscape with curces and bends)

o   allemande (a forest grove of the wandering trails)

o   Courante (a swing path through a wildflower meadow and includes a Maypole)

o   Sarabande (a conifer grove in the shape of an arc)

o   Menuette (a formal lower parterre

o   Gigue (giant grass steps that step you down to the outside world)

the fortified height of an ancient Greek city, a citadel sited upon a prominent elevation overlooking a surrounding plain and sometimes the sea 

– in an ancient Greek city an important open public space around and in which important civic, commercial, and communication functions took place

first garden known originally as a kitchen garden 

a tree or hedge boarded walk, usually of gravel or grass. Allees are a common component of French garden design where a desired geometrical layout is achieved by straight axes outlined by paths with perspective reinforcing side elements such as palisades, parterres de broiderie, closely space trees, or compartments of lawn.

a place for walking, or the covered passage around a cloister. The term is sometimes applied to the procession way around the east end of a cathedral or large church and behind the high altar. 

regarding the human being as the central fact of the universe; assuming human beings to be the final aim and end of the universe; viewing and interpreting everything in terms of human experience and values 

a series of arches supported on piers or columns 

a framework around which the sculpture is built. This framework provides structure and stability, especially when a plastic material such as wax or clay is being used as the medium. When sculpting the human figure, the armature is analogous to the major skeleton and has essentially the same purpose: to hold the body erect. 

-the main or central room of an ancient Roman house, open to the sky at the center and usually having a pool for the collection of rain water; a courtyard, flanked or surrounded by porticoes, in front of an early or medieval Christian church; a skylit central court in a contemporary building or house axis, and the idea of the enfilade

- a tree or hedge boarded walk, usually of gravel or grass. 

such as in Egyptian temple tombs 

azulejo

-(polychrome tiles) a glazed and painted tile used as a wainscot or facing

The book of hours was a devotional book popular in the later Middle Ages. It is the most common type of surviving medieval illuminated manuscript.

The French term for a wooded grove within a garden

-rectangular pool, longer than it is wide.  In the garden of Mesopotamia, canals were common for both irrigation and ornament

-Cardo was a north-south oriented streets in Roman cities, military camps

-The cardo, an integral component of city planning, was lined with shops and vendors, and served as a hub of economic life

-main cardo was called cardo maximus

-water chutes with textured surfaces

-in Mughal gardens, an artificial water chutes with textured surfaces

-cascade of maronsy with ramp like surfaces carved in a faceted pattern in order to animate better movement of water and reflective light

-The fourfold Timurid garden, which becamse the design paradigm for other Islamic gardens

-Chahar meaning "four" and bagh being Turkish for "garden"

-The residence of the estate with its gardens

-The European evocation of CHinese architecture and decorative arts that first appeared in the seventeenth  century and assumed its full proportions in the eighteenth century, when the Rococo style was at its hight and pagoda "chinese" bridges, and tea pavilions became popular features in Western gardens

-Scenography, the circuit, the eye

-Grille opening; is typically acheived with hedging, or a manmade material (ex. iron screen, fence, or gate) which frames a particule vista

-minimizing climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions

-a covered walk, especially in a religious institution, having an open arcade or colonnade usually opening onto a courtyard

-a courtyard, especially in a religious institution, bordered with suck walks

-place of religious seclusion, as a monestary or convent; any quiet, secluded place

-For example, the axis mundi in religion or mythology is known as the cosmic axis

-world center and/or the connection between heaven and earth

-can be understood as the point or junction at which the world came into being-the omphalos or navel of the world

-as a celestial pole it expresses the connection b/w sky and earth where the four compass directions meet.

-point at which travel or correspondence b/w higher and lower realms occurs

a court open to the sky, especially one enclosed on all four sides

Any level surface, line, or point used as a reference in measuring elevetions

In Roman city planning, a decumanus was an east-west-oriented road in a Roman city, castra (military camp), or coloni

-The main decumanus was the Decumanus Maximus, which normally connected the Porta Praetoria (in military camp, closest to the enemy) to the Porta Decumana (away from the enemy)

A single-family dwelling divided into two main parts, atrium and peristyle (dwelling of house, often urban)

-An axial arrangement of doorways connecting a suite of rooms with a vista down the whole length of the suite

-an axial arrangement of mirrors on opposite sides of a room so as to give an effect of an infintely long vista

-A semicircular bench with a high back, usually of stone, for placement in the semicircular portico with seats, which was used in Greek, Roman, and Renaissance times as a place for discussions

-set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe; a system for ordering society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor

-delicate ornamental work of fine silver, gold, or other metal wires, especially lacy jewelers' work of scrolls and arabasques 

-the art or technique of painting on a moist, plaster surface with colors ground up in a water of a limewater mixture

-A raised area, often having a stepped or sloping floor, in a theater, church, or other public building to accommodate spectators, exhibit, etc.

-Garden: gher= (enclose) + eden (pleasure)

-Italian term for a secret garden, a secluded and enclosed garden room commonly found in villa gardens of teh Renaissance and seventeenth century

-Italian term for water games.

-fountain effects designed by hydraulic engineers during the Renaissance to add an element of amusement to the garden experience as visitors, who unintentionally activated jets of water from hidden sources

-were treated to surprise drenching as a practical joke

-Mathematical system of proportion originated from the Pythagorean concept of "all is number" and the belief that certain numerical relationships manifest the harmonic structure of the universe