an important innovation because it was the first typographic book to use a small-sized type style to conserve space.

Johann Fust loaned money to Johann Gutenberg, he later foreclosed on Gutenberg and confiscated his printing equipment.

In addition to the rapid spread of knowledge, this was also directly responsible for increased literacy in the fifteenth century.

In Avignon, France, goldsmith was involved in the production of alphabets of steel around 1444, but with no known results.

The left image is 

The earliest dated examples of typographic printing, issued in Mainz, Germany in 1454.

True or false: Printers left the city of Mainz, Germany in 1462 because of an outbreak of the plague.

True or False:The press Johann Gutenberg used for printing was based on the cheese or wine press, familiar in the Rhine wine-producing area of Germany.

The Middle Image

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A block book, which was a compendium of the life of Christ, that used a cross-shaped architectural structure to bring visual order to the layout of a complex page.

ranged in size from small enough to fit in a person s hand to about 10 by 14 inches, were the first known European block printings with a communications function. Image and lettering were cut from the same block of wood and printed as a complete word-and-picture unit.

a type of block book that offered advice on preparing for death and how to meet one s final hour.

Adopted by Johanne Gutenberg the style of manuscript lettering commonly used by German scribes of his day, as the model for his type, because early printers sought to compete with calligraphers by imitating their work as closely as possible.

from Haarlem in Holland he explored the concept of movable type first by cutting out letters or words from his woodblocks for reuse.

Published the magnificent Latin Psalter on August 14, 1457, was the first book to bear a printer s trademark and imprint, printed date of publication, and colophon. In addition, the Psalter had large red and blue initials printed from two-part metal blocks that were inked separately, reassembled, and either printed with the text in one press impression, or stamped after the text was printed. These famous decorated two-color initials were a major innovation.

Early examples of woodblock printing in Europe  which introduced the masses to symbol recognition, sequencing, and logical deduction.

True or False: According to one account, Johann Fust attempted to sell printed Bibles in Paris as manuscripts.

At his press in Ulm, he used woodblock prints in many of his books that were not completely enclosed with rectangular borders, allowing the white space from the margins to flow into the pictures. This approach can be seen in the 175 woodcuts of the 1479 edition of Aesop s Vita et fabulae (Life and Tales).

Books printed from Gutenberg s invention of typography until the end of the fifteenth century are referred to as these texts, a Latin word that means cradle or rebirth.

Published in German and Latin versions in 1493, this six-hundred-page book was an ambitious history of the world from the biblical dawn of creation until 1493. The title page for the index is a full-page woodblock of calligraphy attributed to the scribe George Alt. The book contained 1,809 woodcut illustrations in its complex, carefully designed, 18-by-12-inch pages and is considered one of the masterpieces of graphic design from this period.

True or False: By the 1490s, most German printers had abandoned large page sizes for their books.

This Renaissance artist, whose godfather was Anton Koberger, became well known at age twenty-seven for his detailed woodcuts in the Latin and German editions of The Apocalypse. The woodcuts have an unprecedented emotional power and graphic expressiveness. He became a major influence in the cultural exchange that saw the Renaissance spirit filter into Germany. He believed German artists and craftsmen were producing work inferior to that of the Italians because they lacked theoretical knowledge. This inspired his first book, Underweisung der Messung mit dem Zirkel und Richtscheit (A Course in the Art of Measurement with Compass and Ruler), which included theoretical discussions of linear geometry, two-dimensional geometric construction, and clear instructions for constructing beautifully proportioned Roman capitals.

the Latin term for here begins, launched the book.

True or False: Printing with moveable type was a technological advancement eagerly welcomed by artisans involved in book production throughout Europe.

True of False: Albrecht Pfister s edition of Johannes von Tepl s Der Ackerman aus Böhmen (Death and the Plowman) is an example of popular literature, in contrast to the theological and scholarly texts published by many contemporary printers of his time.

The types that they designed marked the first step toward a Roman-style typography based on letterforms that had been developed by Italian scribes. They created a typographic double alphabet by combining the capital letters of ancient Roman inscriptions with the rounded miniscules that had evolved in Italy from the Caroline miniscule.

the first illustrator to be identified as such in a book for his work in Peregrinationes in Montem Syon (Travels in Mount Syon), which was printed with Peter Schoeffer s types in 1486.

True or False: In Italy, empty space was left for initial capitals to be hand rendered. Sometimes the initial letter was never added, and eventually the blank space alone indicated a paragraph.

True or False: Arñao Guillen de Brocar s Polyglot Bible was a uniquely Spanish masterpiece because it was the first book printed solely in the Spanish language.

True or False: Rubrication, decoration, and illumination were almost always done by hand in the period just following Gutenberg s invention of moveable type due to the difficulties of color printing and, possibly, because of political pressure.

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Martin Luther found a loyal friend and follower in this man who had been called to Wittenberg by the electors of Saxony. He operated a studio as well as a printing office, a bookshop, and a paper mill. He furthered the cause of the Protestant Reformation by portraying the reformers and their cause in books and broadsides. Ironically, he also regularly accepted commissions for Madonnas and Crucifixions from Catholic clients, and many of the woodcuts he produced for the Luther Bible were also used in a subsequent Catholic edition.

A single leaf of paper printed on both sides

Designed by printers to identify their books.  These emblems bear witness to the revived attention to Egyptian Hieroglyphics during the Renaissance. 

white forms on a solid background

Humanism: 

Pocket book

Cancelleresca:

Renaissance man:

Champ Fleury: 

Headpiece

Tailpiece

Bracketing

: The connecting curves that unify the serif with the amin stroke of the letter.

Nicolas Jenson:

Erhard Ratdolt:

Aldus Manutius

Francesco da Bologna, surnamed Griffo: 

Ludovico Arrighi:

Henri Estienne:

Robert Estienne: 

Geoffroy Tory:  

Claude Garamond: 

Oronce Finé: 

Johann Froben: 

Hans Holbein the Younger: 

Johann Oporinus: 

Jean de Tournes: 

Robert Granjon: 

Christophe Plantin:

Stephen Daye:  

Christoffel van Dyck: 

True or False: Old style typefaces retain calligraphic qualities and have bracketed serifs.

The revolt against the French monarchy led to rejection of the lush designs that were popular during the reigns of Louis XV and XVI. All areas of design required a new approach to replace the outmoded rococo style. Giambattista Bodoni led the way in evolving new ___________ and page layouts.

Giambattista Bodoni had planned a monumental type specimen book presenting three hundred type fonts that he had designed. After his death, his widow and foreman published the two-volume __________ in 1818. This massive work celebrated Bodoni s genius and is a milestone in the history of graphic design.

The Romain du Roi types began a new category of types called this roman. The new typeface had increased contrast between thick and thin strokes, sharp horizontal serifs, and an even balance to each letterform.

True of False: Thomas Bewick in England developed a white line technique of engraving, which came to be used as an illustration method in letterpress printing until it was replaced by the halftone printing method.

True or False: Types designed for the Imprimerie Royale brought about an upgrade of printing throughout Paris when they appeared in booksellers shops.

Late works printed by Giambattista Bodoni, such as Virgil s Opera (Works) reflect this contemporary late eighteenth-century style, which demonstrated a return to antique virtue.

This renowned English writing master and engraver was the most celebrated penman of his time. In 1743, he published The Universal Penman.

William Blake s illustrations for his poetry are in this style which contrasted with the styles of layout and typography of Bodoni and Didot.

True

Baskerville s type design represents the zenith of this style. His types are wider, the contrast between the weight of the thick and thin strokes greater, and the serifs flow smoothly out of the major strokes and terminate in fine points.