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| Elementary pictures or sketches to represent the things depicted. |
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| Symbols or sketches to represent ideas or concepts |
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| Carved or scratched signs or simple figures on rock |
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Early Africans and Europeans left paintings in caves.
15,000- 10,000 BC
Images of animials were drawn and painted upon the walls of these former water channels that were occupied as a refuge by prehistoric people.
(visual communications) |
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| Pictures and/or pictographs representing words and syllables with the same or similar sound as the object depicted. |
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| Leap from village culture to high civilization after the Sumerians arrived in Mesopotamia. Abundance of clay in Sumer made it logical for regord keeping. |
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| (from the latin for "wedge shaped") Writing speed was increased by replacing the sharp-pointed stylus w/ a triangular-tipped one. This stylus was pushed into the clay and the characters were formed of a series of wedge-shaped strokes. This innovation made pictographs evolve into an abstract sign writing called cuneiform. |
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| A number of Summerian inventions reached Egypt. the Egyptians retained their picture-writing system (hieroglypics) |
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Greek for "sacred carving" or egyptian for "gods words" Earliest known heiroglyphs date from 3100 BC
Pictographic writing |
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| Method for sealing documents and proving their authenticity. Small cylinders had images and writing etched into their surfaces. When rolled across damp clay, a raised impression of the depressed design was formed. |
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paperlike substrate for manuscripts. First major step in Egyptian visual communication. Plant grew along the nile and egyptians made use of it for writing on. Different grades depending on use.
Made by peeling rind and uting strips. Strips laid side by side and then second layer of strips on top at right angles. Two sheets were soaked in river and pressed until a single sheet. Sap acted as an adhesive and then polished. |
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| Papyrus. Theh finished sheets had an upper surface of horizonal fibers (RECTO) and a bottom surface of vertical fibers (VERSO) |
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| In 1799 Napoleons troops dug through foundation and found rosetta stone. This black slap beared inscription in two languages and three scripts (including hieroglypics) Thomas Young proved that the direction from which the hieroglyphics should be read was the direction which the animals and people faced. Champollion deciphered the stone and began translationg hieroglyphics. |
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| Purely visual language. Every symbol is composed of a number of differently shaped lines within an imaginary square. |
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| Invented calligraphy in 1800 BC. inspired by contemplating the claw marks of birds and footprints of animals. Proceeded to develop elementary pictographs of things in nature. Highly stylized and composed of minimum number of lines but easily deciphered. |
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| graphic characters or signs that represent an entire word. ex $ |
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| Earliest known chinese calligraphy. Used from 1800-1200 BC Related to art of foretelling future events. Pictographic writing. Found on incised tortoise shells and large animal shoulder bones. To tell future inscribe message on a polished animal bone and then a hot metal bar pressed in the bone and the heat produced cracks that were read. (believed to be messages from the dead) |
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| inscriptions on cast bronze objects, including food and water vessels, instruments, weapons, mirrors, coins and seals. Scribed in casting molds to preserve answers recieved from gods during divination. suitable for legal documents because permenant. Well-formed characters in orderly alignement. More studied and regular than bone. |
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| third phase in calligraphy. the lines are drawn in thicker, more even strokes. More curves and circles are used in this graceful, flowing style and more abstract. |
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| Continuous use for nearly 2 thousand years. Infinate range of design possibilities. Design determined by writer. abstract beauty. |
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| attributed to inventing paper in 105 AD |
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Ts'ai Lun in 105 AD
Fibers soaked in water and beaten into a pulp. Then screen mold is dipped in solution. Fibers mesh as the water drains. Then the paper is pressed and hung to dry. |
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Invented by Chinese. two theorys:
one is that the use of engraves seals to evolved into printing and the other is that from the early practice of making rubbings from inscriptions carved in stone. |
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| Spaces around an image on a flat surface are cut away, the remaining surface is inked, and a sheet of paper is placed over the surface and rubbed. |
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| Chinese Pi Sheng in 1045 AD developed concept of movable type but didn't work in asia because immense number of characters. Made types and then placed them side by side and coated w/ waxy substance to hold characters in place. Printed like a woodblock |
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| Greeks developed a more rounded writing style. The script could be written more quickly b/c its rounded wletters were formed with fewer strokes. |
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| Around 190 BC came into common use as a substrate for writing. writing surface made from the skins of domestic animals. |
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| Finest parchment, made from the smooth skins of newborn calves |
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| Parchment gathered in 2, 4 or 8 sheets and stiched like the modern book. Advantages over scroll- easy to open to desired page. Write on both sides,. And scholars could open several codices on a table. |
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| Parchment gathered in 2, 4 or 8 sheets and stiched like the modern book. Advantages over scroll- easy to open to desired page. Write on both sides,. And scholars could open several codices on a table. |
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| Handwritten books that had gold leaf which gave the sensation of the page being illuminated. Term for all illustrated books produced from the late Roman empire until printed books replaced manuscripts. |
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| Head of the scriptorium. A well educated scholar who understood greek and latin and functioned as both editor and art director, with overall responsibility for the design and production of the manuscripts |
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| Writing room were books were created. Monostary. |
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| An inscription containing facts about its production. Scribe, designer, or later printer is identified |
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| Earliest surviving illustrated manuscript from the late antique and early christian era. Created in 4th or 5th century ad. contains 2 major poems by romes greatest poet. Illustrations in red bands of color. Pagan and roman in conception |
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Ascenders - strokes that rise above the top guidline
Descenders- strokes that drop below baseline |
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| Celtic book design ornament |
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three ways used:
Ornament frames or borders that enclose full page illustrations
Full page designs called carpet pages
And opening pages of each gospel were singled out for illumination esp. design of ornate initials |
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| Earliest fully designed and ornamented celtic book 680 AD |
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| written by Eadfrith, represents the full flowering of the celtic style. 698 Ad |
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| Created at the island monastery of Iona around 800 AD. Countless hours of work on each page. Culmination of Celtic illumination. Far more full page illustrations than any other celtic manuscript. |
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| Full page of decorative design. Name developed from intricate patterning associated with oriental carpets |
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| Decreasing scale of graphic information. First letter of word is large followed by decreasing smaller inititial and so on |
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fostered revival of learning and the arts.
Assembly to prepare copies of important religios texts. |
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| the forerunner of our contemporary lowercase alphabet. |
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| written and illustrated around 1265 AD one of the many masterpieces of gothic illumination. Textura lettering. Represents a new breed of picture books . Created in england or france and illustrater is unknown. |
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Les Tre Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
Limbourg brothers |
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| The limbourg brothers' masterpiece. First 24 pages are an illustrated calender. graphic astronomical charts. Pictoral book. |
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| technical term for the relief printing from a raised surface that originated in asia |
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| term for printing through the use of independent, movable, and reusable bits of metal, each of which has a raised letterform on its top |
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| the favored name for the dominant mode of gothic lettering |
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| Gutenberg first brought together the complex systems necessary to print a book w/ moveable type. |
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| conditions that created enviornment for development of printing |
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| availability of paper, growing demand for books, relief printing from woodblocks |
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| translucent emblem produced by pressure from a raised design on the mold and visible when sheet of paper is held to the light |
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| image and lettering cut from same block of wood evolved into block books. woodcut picture books w/ religious subject matter and brief text |
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| Year moveable type is developed and place |
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| Each character engraved on the top of a steel bar makes a punch. The punch is then driven into a matrix of softer copper to make a negative impression of the letterform |
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| He made the moveable type w/ a unique alloy. He also used boiled linseed oil colored w/ lampblack to produce a tacky ink suitable for application w/ a leather ball. He also invented a press. He borrowed 800 guilders from Fust and then another 800 later on as well. He began the 42 line bible using movable type. He was suied by fust and was not favored in court. He lost all of his printing equiptment. |
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| Fust entered into agreement w/ gutenbergs assistant after winning his lawsuit. They became the most important printing firm in the world at the time. Completed the 42 line bibble. After they published Psalter in Latin. Tried to sell bible but people thought there was witchcraft envolved so they had to tell the secret. |
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| First book to bear a printers trademark and imprint, printed date of publication and colophon |
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| Printing from an image that is incised or cut down into the printing surface. A drawing is scratched into a smooth metal plate and ink is applied into the depressions. Developed around the 1450s |
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| Master of the Playing Cards |
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| Unknown artist that created the earliest known copperplate engravings |
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| Published latin and german editions of the apocalypse. earned renown throughtout europe. Also illustrated book that shared his tremendous knowledge of drawing, the human figure |
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| single leaf of paper printed on one side that evolved into pamphlets, tracts, and later, newspapers |
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| established a printing press in venice. Printed Poliphili and aloso published poket books |
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| set in Vergils Opera works first. Poket book. closely modeled on a slanted handwriting style. |
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| means cradle or baby linen. adopted as a name for books printed from gutenbergs invetntion of typography |
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| Member of the Aldine staff. Typeface designer and punch cutter. Called to venice produced a roman type that is more authentic then jensons deisngs. Survives today as bembo |
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| Established by Aldus Manutius to publish the major works of the great thinkers of the greek and roman worlds. |
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| term means revival or rebirth |
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| From france.Established Venices second press. One of historys greatest typeface desingers and punch cuters. Extreme legibility in his fonts and space between letters and within each form. |
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| achieved significant design innovations toward the totally printed book. Worked in venice . Calendarium had first complete title page used to identify the book. Used woodcut borders and initials as design elements. |
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La Operina
Lodovico Arrighi |
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| Arrighi made a small volume entitled La operina in 1522. Tought the cancelleresca script. the first writing manual of the chancery hand. |
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Renaissance man with many trades. imported the italianate influence and developed a uniquely french renaissance school of book design and illustration. opened bookselling firm "broken urn". designed early roman types, series of initials cut into black squares, book of hours,
Champ Fleury was his most important work. consisted of three books attempted to fix rules of pronunciation, history of roman letters and proportions compared to ideal human, and instructions in the geometric construction of the twenty three letters of the latin alphabet on grid of 100 squares. |
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| First punch cutter to work independently of printing firms. his roman typefaces desinged w/ such perfection that books printed w/ extreme legibility. credited w/ eliminating gothic styles from all over europe. |
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| virtually all english printing used caslon fonts for sixty years after 1722. was introduced in the american colonies and was used for printing of declaration of independence. outstanding legibility. |
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| his type was wider and the weight contrast between thick and thin increased, treatment of serifs was new and flow smoothly of of the major strokes and terminate as refined points. opted for pure typographic books with wide margins and liberal use of space. used smooth paper. Critics were harsh and said his work was too sharp and contrasting. Benjamin franklin admired baskerville and his booiks became important influences. |
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| redesigned roman letterforms with a more mathmatical, geometric and mechanical appearance. made serifs hairlines. |
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| woodcut illustrations of the dance of death |
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| Design was a more ornamented, weightier adaption of french typographic design. His main controbution to design was the use of copperplate engraivngs instead of woodcuts to illustrate his books. |
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| 1640 first book to be designed and printed in the english american colonies . diligint but lacking refintement |
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| fanciful french art that flourished from 1720 to 1770. florid and intricate. rococo ornament is composed of s and c cuves with scrollwork tracery and plant forms derived from nature, classical and oriental art |
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| mathmatical letters that were mdae from a grid of 64 units divided further into 36 units for a total of 2304 squares. |
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| five year monopoly on printing in venice. created first typographic book w/ printed page numbers |
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| Family of printers, publishers, papermakers, and typefounders began in 1713. came up with a point system |
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| process involves casting a duplicate of arelief printing surface by pressing a molding material against it to make a matrix. molton metal is poured into the matrix to form the duplicate printing plate. made longer press runs possible. |
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| type innovations during industrial revolutions |
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| range of typeographic sizes and letterform styles exploded. . Letterpress printers turned to typefounders to expand design possibilities. Ne |
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| English poet that was very spiritual. Integrated letterforms into illustrations. Printed books as relief etchings |
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| Mergenthaler invented typesetter. involved using small brass matrixes with impressions of letterforms. each time operator pressed a key matrix was released and lead boured in . replaced skilled hand typesetters. caused explosion of graphic material and dropped price of 3 cent newspaper to 1 penny. |
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| metal types were expensive, brittle and heavy. Wooden types were invented and were more durable, lighet and cheaper. manufactured for individual styles for posters |
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| Frenchmen who first produced photographic image. wanted a way to make plates other than by drawaing. coated pewter sheet with light sensitive asphalt and then show to sunlight then removed parts not hardened by light. improved process. put in camera obscura |
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| friends with niepce and continued study on photography. made daguerreotype prints. using silver anand plates in a camera then exposing to light. his process was meticulous though and was not perfected |
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| pioneered a process that forms the basis for both photography and pohotographic printing plates. began experiments and came up with photogenic drawings or photograms. continued his techniques and reversed image to make negative |
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light drawing in greek
monopolized factual documentation and pushed illustration towards fantasy and fiction
changed visual appearance of printed page |
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took photo of former slaves which was then illustrated because the photograph was not yet printable. helped people understand history with timeless immediacy of photography
photographic documentation of war and battlefield during civil war |
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| to document trotting horse... a 25,000 dollar wager. he took pictures of horses stride at regular intervals. |
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| pursued photography and portraits of writers and actors and artists. made first aerial photographs from ballon. pioneered artificial light photography |
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| stone printing by using pencil drwaing water is then spread over stone but won't moisten the crayon image and then ink based with oil is rolled over and won't adhere to wet area. then paper is placed over image and priting press is used to transfer the inked image onto the paper |
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| seriers of printing places with different colors achieved techinical perfection and convincing imagry of compelling realism |
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love of complexity and fussiness was expressed by ginger bread woodwork applied to domestic architecture, ornate, extravagant embellishements on manufactured products.
sweet cute designs |
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| first commerical christmas card |
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callcott in 1843 published in london 1000 copies
Prang published cards during the 1880s |
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| Political cartoonist was avery influenctial in polotics. popularized symbols , santa, democratic donkey and republican elecphant, uncle sam and columbia. tamminy tiger was very in fluential attack on tweed and his opposition won the election. roosevelt sent him to ecuador because he recoghinized nasts' effectiveness and nast died of yellow fever |
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| childrens illustrator developed passion for drawing animals humorous drawing style. precursor to caldecott arawards |
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| pictorial magaazines that began publication with rapid expansion of reading public and new technology. first harpers contained 1600 wood engravings |
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