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| Dark ages -> High middle ages |
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Warmer weather, better agriculture, more leisure time.
(Heavy plows, horse collars, three crop rotation system, windmills) |
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| merchants could band together for safety, then regulate quality and prices for goods. Help control the many new people who moved into towns. Orderly transitions. Eventually dampened creativity; too strict. |
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| Group of cities joined together to control trade. Controlled land and sea trade. |
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| Money system regulated. application of statistics to manufacturing. |
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| revision of number system |
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| Leonardo Pisano (Fibonacci), instructed by Arab mathematician. Saw advantages of the system and wrote Liber Acaci (Book of the Abacus). Gave us standard number system in Europe (still used today) |
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| hired to protect pilgrims to holy sites. Much traveling lead to interactions, etc. diversification. |
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(The French Nation)
Established as king by nobility in hopes of gaining military strength like the Frankish peoples. Started Capetian kings. |
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(The french Nation)
reigned during the most aggressive campaign of capetian expansion.
defeated king john of england - gained Normandy. Appointed local authorities, etc. - they did not serve in native area or allow them to own land to control. |
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(German Nation)
rose to power by fighting against local princes and replacing them with his own relatives. created a local bureaucracy. Defeated Magyars, etc, he invaded italy and defeated lombards (with permission from Pope). Crowned Holy roman emperor. |
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(German Nation)
Elected Holy Roman emperor - regained lost territory but caused strain with church. Finally defeated Pope Gregory and appointed new pope, called catholic church anti-pope, attacked by italians. reverted to loose confederation of small kingdoms |
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(German Nation)
Reform-minded, "freedom of the church" - decided bishops could be appointed by church only. unlike lay investiture. Excomm. Henry IV, and eventually defeated by Henry IV. |
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(German Empire)
most successful holy roman emperor who attempted to unite germany under strong central leader. died leading a crusade before he could establish a lasting dynasty. |
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(English Nation)
fought viking hordes (went badly)
set up effective gov't which lasted years.
cultural advancements: fostered scholarship, participated in translation of many Latin works to English. Only English King called "the great". |
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(English Nation)
Eastern england (danish peoples control). Danes driven out and a unified Anglo-saxon kingdom established. |
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(English Nation)
division of land supervised by an earl. had own court and sheriff (or reeve of the shire). Most effective system in Europe. |
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(English Nation)
Vowed celibacy; though married, kept his vow and bared no sons. (no heir) |
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(English Nation)
Cousin of Edward the Confessor appointed to be his successor. People not pleased that a Norman was to be their king. |
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(English Nation)
Edward's brother in law. declared himself Ed's true heir using people's anti-norman feeling. |
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(English Nation)
Recorded in Bayeux Tapestry from William's point of view. William defeated Harold using smart tactics. |
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(English Nation)
Ordered census by William. gave good historical reference to life in medieval times. |
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(English Nation)
Never had a son, chose daughter Matilda to heir. When he died, Matilda was opposed by other claimers. give up throne in favor of her son Henry II of England |
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(English Nation)
Made by Henry II, based the law on precedent rather than a code. he also introduce trial by jury (better than trial by ordeal - accused dunked in water; judged based on whether or not they float) |
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(English Nation)
Appointed by Henry II so he would have a supporter within the church. Becket took calling seriously, didn't want to offend God - defended church. Was killed by knights following Henry's complaint. Becket saint/martyr. Canterbury became pilgrimage destination. |
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(English Nation)
made by nobles. a bill of rights - guaranteed certain rights for english nobility and limits the monarch. Guaranteed rights of the church. |
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(English Nation)
tried to bypass restrictions of Magna Carta, but from there, (council of nobles) parliament refused to give him money. |
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(Italian Nation)
Key center for trade. more interaction. Model Oligarchy. |
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(Italian Nation)
Venetian oriental trader. Went to China. Became ambassador for Khan gov't. Wrote book, TRAVELS, when he was imprisoned on his return home. |
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| Stealing the body of st. Mark |
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(Italian Nation)
Packed his bones in barrels of pickled pork (forbidden for muslims to eat or even touch). Constructed a cathedral surrounded by Piazza San Marco. |
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| Grew from battles between byzantines and Seljuk Turks. Byzantines convinced Pope urban II to call for holy crusades (because muslims had control of the holy land) |
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| 1096 - marched across europe. gained much of the holy land. |
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| Kurdish Military leader who emerged as Islamic leader. Took advantage of poor military leaders in crusades, reconquered Jerusalem. |
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| powerful kings volunteered to fight, but arrived at different times/refused to coordinate their activities. Saladin able to withstand their attacks. |
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| crusaders were too poor, could not afford it. Gain free passage by sea if they attack the city of Zara (for lumber for Venice). Zara was a christian city, which was against the goals of only attacking muslim cities. |
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| Most tragic. young boy claimed he had a vision telling him to go to the holy land and claim it through love rather than warfare. gathered children and marched the seacoast. 30,000 kids gathered, asked merchant ships to take them to Holy land, were betrayed and sold to slavery in africa. |
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(Mongol Empire)
Allied forces with surrounding tribes and defeated other neighboring tribes. Renamed Genghis Khan. Plundered more area; Mongols given name "tartars" by europeans meaning "those from Hell" Deadly efficient, but never settled down or made government. |
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(Mongol Empire)
decided to do less fighting, more governing. establish bureaucratic system, collected profits from trade routes. |
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