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Location: Florence, Italy
Date: 1299-1315
The majore civic space of Florence was formed by the construction of the Palazzo Vecchio.
The space developed over a period of time, gradually expanding and adding new features--like the loggia della Signoria (1374-82).
This new government building was a seat of the leaders of guilds--thereby symbolizing the civic values of the new political order. |
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Location: Florence, Italy
Date: 1299-1315
This new government building was a seat of the leaders of guilds--thereby symbolizing the civic values of the new political order.
The building is organized around a central courtyard space.
The building adopts the characteristic form of the Florentine family palace for this new civic function. The Loggia della Signoria helps to create a public space in front of its facade.
The tower of the Palazzo Vecchio was placed in an asymmetrical way to engage the street from all directions. |
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Location: Florence, Italy
The typical block structure was densely packed houses along a gridded street network. |
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| Brunelleschi's inventions included mechanical devices that allowed him to lift and move building materials. |
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| Dome of Florence Cathedral |
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Brunelleschi
Date: begun 1420
Florence, Italy
The construction involved a series of vertical masonry ribs and horizontal reinforcements that included tension chains.
The dome was built as a series of concentric layers, each of which was structurally sound. This avoided the need for wooden centering.
The double shell structure--like the Baptistery of S. Giovanni--has horizontal and vertical ribs allowing it to be light. The weight of the lantern balances the dome.
View into the staircase that surmounts the dome showing the herringbone pattern of the brickwork--which creates a more continuous bond. |
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Brunelleschi
Location: Florence, Italy
Date: begun 1436
This church is a very pure expression of the application of a proportioning system that regulates each part to a latin cross plan.
The spatial qualities of the crossing more purely express a harmonic relationship between the individual units and the larger whole.
The dome rests on pendentives inscribed within the square crossing. The piers that support the dome combine with the twin columns of the arcade. |
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Brunelleschi
Location: Florence, Italy
Date: begun 1442
Family burial chapel for the De' Pazzi family located alongside the church of S. Croce.
The exterior of the chapel (from after Brunelleschi's death) reveals the inner proportional system of the chapel--which is based upon a triumphal arch.
The chapel is a cubical space with a central dome flanked by two barrel vaulted bays. The vertical proportion of the central space is that of two perfect cubes.
The system of pilasters, architrave and mouldings draw out the proportioning system in space. The stone trim contrasts with the white stucco panels.
The result is a unified space bounded by the walls of the chapel--which contain rondels that depict the twelve apostles.
This space is coverd by the dome, which reiterates the spatial and proportioning system of the chapel. The pendentives contain images of the Four Evangelists. |
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Architect: Leon Battista Alberti
Location: Florence, Italy
Date: begun 1457
New facade designed for an existing palace of the Rucellai family uses applied orders similar to the design of the Colosseum in Rome.
Original five bay scheme for the facade shows the use of the architectural orders--with corinthian over composite over tuscan at the base.
The facade as constructed was to be an eight bay scheme with alternating rhythm of two narrow bays and one wide bay. |
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Architect: Leon Battista Alberti
Location: Mantua, Italy
Date: begun 1472
Designed for Ludovico Gonzaga, duke of Mantua, the project was for the entire church and its facade to the city.
The facade scheme combines a pedimented temple front with a triumphal arch motif.
The proportioning system of the facade begins with a square which is then subdivided to regulate the scale of each part.
Latin cross plan with central dome and enclosed chapels. The emphasis is on the central volume of the space.
The construction of the interior is derived from Roman precedent, with a barrel vaulted and coffered interior ceiling.
The spaces of the chapels are carved out of the mass of the interior with a triumphal arch rhythm that is identical to the facade.
This detail of the unfinished north transept shows the unity between the constructional and decorative order of the building. |
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| Square of Pope Pius II, Pienza, Italy, 1459-1462 |
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Rossellino
Pienza, Italy
1459-1462 |
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| * Michelangelo, Campidoglio, Rome, Italy, begun 1538 |
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| Sangallo & Michelangelo, Palazzo Farnese, Rome, Italy, 1541-1546 |
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| Peruzzi, Villa Farnesina, Rome, Italy, 1509-1511 |
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| Palladio, Villa Rotonda, Vicenza, Italy, begun 1556 |
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| Sinan, Mosque of Suleyman, Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey, 1550 |
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| Château de Chambord, Chambord, France, begun 1519 |
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| Toledo & Herrera, El Escorial, Madrid, Spain, 1563-1582 |
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| Vignola, Villa Giulia, Rome, Italy, begun 1550 |
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| Vignola, Church of Il Gesù, Rome, Italy, begun 1568\ |
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| Della Porta, façade, 1575-1584 |
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| * Fontana and others, Sixtus V's Plan for Rome, Rome, Italy, 1585-1591 |
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| Bernini, S. Andrea al Quirinale, Rome, Italy, 1658-1670 |
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| Borromini, S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, Italy, 1638-1639, façade 1665 |
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| Bramante, Plan for new S. Peter's Basilica, Rome, Italy, 1506 |
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| Michelangelo, Plan and Dome of S. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, Italy, 1546 |
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| Maderno, Nave, narthex and facade of S. Peter's Basilica, Rome, Italy, 1607-1625 |
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| * Bernini, Baldacchino (1624), and Piazza (1656), St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, Italy |
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| * Place Royale (now Place des Vosges), Paris, France, 1606-1612 |
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| Le Vau, Mansart, and Le Nôtre, Château and Garden of Versailles, Versailles, France, 1661 |
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| Perrault & others, East wing of the Louvre Palace, Paris, France, 1667-1670 |
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| Fischer von Erlach, Karlskirche, Vienna, Austria, begun 1715 |
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| Neumann, Pilgrimage church, Vierzehnheiligen, Germany, begun 1743 |
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| Franciscan monastery of S. Miguel, Huejotzingo, Mexico, 1524-1570 |
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| Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1631-48 |
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| * Wren, Plan to rebuild London, London, England, 1666 |
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| Wren, St. Stephen Walbrook, London, England, 1672-1679 |
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| Wren, St. Paul's Cathedral, London, England, 1675-1709 |
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| Burlington and Kent, Chiswick House and gardens, London, England, 1725 |
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| Campbell and Hoare, Stourhead garden, Wiltshire, England, 1744-1765 |
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| Jefferson, Monticello, outside Charlottesville, VA, begun 1768 |
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| * L'Enfant, Design of the National Capital, Washington, DC, 1789-1791 |
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| Piazza della Signoria picture |
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