Term
|
Definition
| wrote Leviathan about social contracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Course of Positive Philosophy, developed the terms social dynamics and social stasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Principles of Sociology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote On the Origin of Species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote The Origin of Civilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Leauge of the Ho-do-no-sau-nee or Iroquiois and Systems of Cosanguinity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first anthropology professor; wrote Primitive Culture and Anthropology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proponent of ethnography and the concept of psychic unity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pan-Western response to the French Revolution, existed in many forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| began to flourish (esp. in USA) because of the rise of conservatism, a place where people could live as they choose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the wave of conservatism, focus on the mythologies of one place-oriented group of people, especially popular in Germany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the wave of conservatism, even became prevalent in science, where the focus is on the idiosyncratic, emotional and irrational rather than the general |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flourished in the 18th cent. as part of the conservative wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a family type based on group marriage between brothers and sisters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a unilinear group united by decent from one ancestor (either real or mythical), who have common property |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consanguine kinship group which may be matri or patrilineal, property is transferred using the decent line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the 18th century, the idea that groups are moving from savagery to civilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that separate groups with no contact can develop the same things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that only one group could have created an invention, and all other examples of it are due to communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| being able to control something or someone through an item that represents it (e.g. voodoo doll) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kinship in which the names are lumped into a few general groups, ex. 'mother' is the same word for 'sister' and 'female cousin' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where kinship categories are more descriptive (e.g. mother, sister, father, cousin, aunt, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of extant primitive peoples to represent extinct primitive peoples, as in classic cultural evolutionism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comparing society and its institutions to a body and its organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kinship based on marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| veneration and asking for intercession of the dead on behalf of the living, originates in kinship based non-literate cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soul, latin for 'animating principle' |
|
|
Term
| polytheism according to Tylor-Spencer |
|
Definition
| believed to develop from ancestor worship, with several equal clans with equally important ghost souls |
|
|
Term
| monotheism according to Tylor-Spencer |
|
Definition
| began with the stratification of society and civilization, some ghost souls would become more important than others, 'advanced' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concept that Germans have a special spirit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created by Comte, each branch goes through a theological, metaphysical, and postive stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when knowledge is based on observation and actual experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to pass into another body after death, as do spirits and ghosts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that a group or society can and should perfect itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to the Classical Evolutionists, that societies change from 'savagery' to 'civilization' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theoretical orientation of 19th century cultural evolutionists who used the comparative method |
|
|
Term
| savagery, barbarism, civilization |
|
Definition
| the categories used by classical cultural evolutionists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magico-religious specialists who communicate with ancestral ghosts and souls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that the mind acquires knowledge through experience rather than recognizes knowledge that is innate |
|
|
Term
| Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo in N. Africa |
|
Definition
| wrote Confessions and The City of God, the Augustinian version of Christianity was not conducive to science, especially social science; led to thinking of history as lineal, not cyclical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encouraged physical anthropologists to view species and races as distinct and unchanging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 'Father of History' whose descriptions of other cultures were the ancient precursor to ethnography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believed that society was a mechanical extension of humanity and therefore subservient to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote On The Nature of Things aka De Rerum Naturae; invented the concepts of Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages; was an Epicurean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encouraged people to make their particular thoughts and actions in accord with something universal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encouraged people to make their particular thoughts and actions in accord with something universal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Muqaddimah aka Prolegomenon; believed in cyclic nature of history; wrote about the Bedouins, focusing on blood relationships) but romanticized them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looks at similarities between things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looks at the unique things that separate each culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Essays; more of a relativist, coined the term 'noble savage' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| redefined the newly discovered Americans as natural children rather than natural slaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that all of the human race originated at one specific source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that the many human races developed and began independently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| God, people and nature are harmonized into a self-contained system without internal contradictions, leading scholars to decide between science and religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote The Praise of Folly, opposed to the idea of original sin and believed that previous Greek virtues were superior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Utopia, where he contrasted the evils of contemporary society with a society based on secular principles (based on ethnographic accounts of 'simpler' people) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote The Prince, where he described the qualities of an effective political ruler |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the branch of philosophy that explores the nature of knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of logic to reason from general to particular statements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| labeling a radical dualism between mind and matter, body and soul, and subject and object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the intellectual tradition associated with Rene Descartes and the scientific epistemology of deduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of arriving at generalizations about particular facts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the scientific epistemology of induction fashioned by philosophers Francis Bacon and John Locke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the medieval science of motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the branch of philosophy concerned with the origin or structure of the universe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helped launch the Scientific Revolution by announcing that the Earth moves around the Sun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Principles of Mathematics, in which he showed the law of universal gravitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the philosophy where the universe is thought of as complex machine with fine-tuned interacting parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to deism, the view that God created the universe but remains relatively uninvolved in its day-to-day operations, as opposed to theistic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to theism, the view that God created the universe and remains active in its day to day operations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a romanticization of 'primitive' life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlightenment thinkers who promulgated laws of human history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, where he expanded the epistemology of British empiricism, resurrected the tabula rasa concept |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote The Rise of Anthropological Theory |
|
|
Term
| Jesuit Father Joseph Lafitau |
|
Definition
| wrote Customs of American Savages Compared with Those of Earliest Times where cultural traits and categories were less ethnocentric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Discourse on the Origin and Foundation of Inequality among Men and The Social Contract, and speculated on the development of human differences and claimed that humanity had been happier in the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote The New Science, in which he described humanity as passing through the stages of gods, heroes, and men |
|
|
Term
| Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu |
|
Definition
| wrote The Spirit of Laws where he attempted to show how rules about human conduct are always connected to culture |
|
|
Term
| Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire |
|
Definition
| wrote Essay on the Customs and Spirit of Nations in which he attacked the theological view of history and explained Christianity is secular terms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |
|
|
Term
| Anne Robert Jacques Turgot |
|
Definition
| wrote Plans for Two Discourses on Universal History in which he describes humanity going through the stages of hunting, pastoralism and farming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Outline of the Intellectual Progress of Mankind in which he added stages to Condorcet's including into the future |
|
|
Term
| Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson |
|
Definition
| stressed the importance of technology and economy in defining stages of universal history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also called dialectical materialism, the philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels |
|
|
Term
| Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels |
|
Definition
| wrote The Condition of the Working-Class in England, The Communist Manifesto and Capital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that human existence determines human consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in dialectical materialism, how people make a living in the material world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in Marxism, the view that past primitive peoples lived in a state to which future communism will return |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in Marxism, Hegel's formulation of historical change in the thesis-antithesis-synthesis form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the proposition that commodities should be valued in terms of the human labor required to produce them |
|
|
Term
| dictatorship of the proletariat |
|
Definition
| when the proletariat rise up and destroy the bourgeoisie |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proponents of a theoretical blend of Marxism, dialectical philosophy and French structural anthropology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a label for cultural materialists who, according to their critics, ignore dialectical thinking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Investigation of American Anthropologists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cousins related through parents of the opposite sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the schema of Henry Maine, societies that are family-oriented, hold property in common, and maintain control by social sanctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the schema of Henry Maine, societies that stress individualism, hold property in private, and maintain control by legal sanctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of one woman marrying more than one man |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of marrying outside one's kinship group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Edward Burnett Taylor's name for cultural traits that are statistically significantly associated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Edward Burnett Tylor's name for nonfunctional cultural traits that are clues to the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote The Origin of Civilization in which he outlines a scheme for the evolution of magic and religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a geographical area associated with a culture, b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a geographical area associated with a culture, developed by Clark Wissler |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diffusionist view that world civilizations arose from sun worship in Egypt and then spread elsewhere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote The Children of the Sun |
|
|
Term
| culture circle/kulturkreis |
|
Definition
| the German thought (derived from anthropo-geography of Friedrich Ratzel) of the diffusion process of cultural traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the criterion used by anthropo-geographers to determine that similar culture forms are the result of diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote The Method of Ethnology (about a theory of diffusionist patterns) and On the Origin of the Idea of God (about the degeneration of monotheism) |
|
|
Term
| Neolithic or New Stone Age |
|
Definition
| the period of prehistory characterized by polished stone tools and the domestication of animals and plants |
|
|
Term
| Paleolithic or Old Stone Age |
|
Definition
| the period of prehistory characterized by chipped and flaked stone tools and hunting and gathering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a name for the 18th-century synthesis of archaeology, racism, and colonialism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the myth that a mysterious people other than Native Americans built the impressive earthen mounds throughout the American Midwest |
|
|
Term
| Ephraim G. Squier and Edwin H. Davis |
|
Definition
| wrote Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley: the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas had degenerated into 'Indians' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote The Sacred Theory of the Earth to reconcile geography with scripture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote A New Theory of the Earth, trying to reconcile geography and stripture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| geologists who believed that the major agent of geological change was water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| geologists who proposed that volcanic heat was the cause of most geologic change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Theory of the Earth, said that not all sedimentary rock was formed in an universal water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote Principles of Geology, combined Vulcanist and Neptunist ideas and laid the foundation of modern geology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the doctrine that gradual geological agents of change have operated through out the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the geological doctrine that agents of geologic change have been more dramatic in the past than in the present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interpreted change in the geologic record as evidence of a series of near extinctions interspersed with survivals of a few fortunate life forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a medieval philosophical schema that ranked cosmic and earthy elements, including people, in a single ascending line of importance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed a hierarchy of taxonomic categories, and binomial nomenclature, but was a creationist |
|
|
Term
| Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Lamarck |
|
Definition
| wrote Zoological Philosophy fifty years before the origin of the speices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that biological evolution is self-motivated or willed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that biological evolution adheres to a long-term purpose or goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that biological evolution operates in one direction, usually leading to Homo sapiens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the doctrine of choice for the majority of scientist seeking to reconcile evolution with religious morality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the all eccompasing philosophy of Herbert Spencer based on the premise that homogeneity is evolving into heterogeneity everywhere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French Sociologist, wrote Division of Labor in Society, The Rules of the Sociological method, Suicide, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Durkheim, social cohesion maintained by similarities among individuals, contrasted with organic solidarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Durkheim, social cohesion maintained by difference and independence among individuals |
|
|
Term
| collective representations |
|
Definition
| according to Durkheim, manifestations of the collective consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Durkheim the sense of personal alienation caused by the absence of familiar social norms |
|
|
