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-A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
-Das Kapital
-With Friedrich Engels: The Communist Manifesto |
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-The Conditions of the Working Class in England
-Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State |
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Worked with Boas. Ethnologist studied plains indians
-The American Indians |
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-Division of Labor in Society
-The Rules of the Sociological Method
-Suicide
-The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life |
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•In societies modes of production
-Distinctive principle determining property
-Distinctive division of labor
-Distinctive principle of exchange
Means of production – in dialectical materialism, how people make a living in the material world. |
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| the philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, commonly called “Marxism” |
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| In some versions of Marxism, the view that past primitive peoples lived in a state to which future communism, will in a fashion, return |
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| In Marxism - the working class |
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| In Marx's critique of political economy, any labor-product has a value and a use value, and if it is traded as a commodity in markets, it additionally has an exchange value, most often expressed as a money-price. Marx acknowledges that commodities being traded also have a general utility, implied by the fact that people want them, but he argues that this by itself tells us nothing about the specific character of the economy in which they are produced and sold. |
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the doctrine that cultural innovations evolve once and are then acquired through borrowing or immigration; contrasted with independent invention.
to describe the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages etc.—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another. It is distinct from the diffusion of innovations within a single culture. |
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| Pertaining to the idea that differences among human beings can be accounted for primarily in terms of differential gene distribution. |
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| Emile Durkheim's name for social phenomena, his units of sociological analysis. |
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| According to Emile Durkheim, the sense of personal alienation caused by the absence of familiar social norms. |
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| According to Emile Durkheim, social cohesion maintained by similarities among individuals; contrasted with organic solidarity. |
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According to Emile Durkheim, social cohesion maintained by differences and interdependence among individuals; contrasted with mechanical solidarity.
egoistic suicide, a dramatic form of self expression |
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| is the interpretation of humans and human life from a strictly biological point of view, and it is closely related to genetic determinism. Other definition is that biological determinism is the hypothesis that biological factors such as an organism's individual genes (as opposed to social or environmental factors) completely determine how a system behaves or changes over time |
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| a geographical area associated with a culture |
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The Age-area hypothesis is a concept in cultural anthropology that cultural traits tend to expand outward from their origin with time. Thus, the larger an area that a trait is found in, the older it is.
**Wissler's idea** |
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| is associated with males, clarity, rationality/reason, and solidity, along with the goal of oriented progress |
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| is associated with females, wild/chaotic nature, and unconstrained sex/procreation |
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| According to certain psychological anthropologists, the dominant personality of a nation. |
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| is the idea that the varying cultural concepts and categories inherent in different languages affect the cognitive classification of the experienced world in such a way that speakers of different languages think and behave differently because of it. |
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| The style of anthropological fieldwork requiring the fieldworker to see things from both the "native" and the fieldworker's points of view |
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| The proposition that cultural differences should not be judged by absolute standards. |
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| In British social anthropology, either Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown' theory of how parts of a society contribute to the whole of society or Bronislaw Malinowski's theory of how culture responds to biological needs in a hierarchically organized way. |
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| an economic system, a form of exchange |
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| shell necklace - red shell |
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| shell breacelet - white shell |
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| Manifest functions are the consequences that people observe or expect. It is explicitly stated and understood by the participants in the relevant action |
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| are those that are neither recognized nor intended. A latent function of a behavior is not explicitly stated, recognized, or intended by the people involved. Thus, they are idenified observers |
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| In British social anthropology, the synchronic concern with social structure, sometimes called morphology, and in French structural anthropology, the concern with the elementary forms of minds and cultures. |
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| Generalizing; contrasted with idiographic. |
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| In french structural anthropology, the universal logic of dualities. |
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| is a term applied by anthropologists to the institutionalised form of interaction between certain pairs of people in some societies. Analysed by British social anthropologist Alfred Radcliffe-Brown in 1940[1], it describes a kind of ritualised banter that takes place, for example between a man and his maternal mother-in-law in some South African tribal societies. Two main variations are described: an asymmetrical relationship where one party is required to take no offence at constant teasing or mocking by the other, and a symmetrical relationship where each party makes fun at the other's expense. |
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| is the practice of referring to parents by the names of their children |
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| **Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown** |
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| Ethnological Society of London (1843) |
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| Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1871) after 1907, the Royal Anthropological Institute |
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Grafton Elliot Smith,
W.H.R. Rivers, and
William Perry |
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-fascinated by stone megaliths, like the pyramids which they linked to a cult of sun worship, british anthropologists
-Children of the Sun
with W.H.R. Rivers, William Perry and Grafton Elliot Smith |
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| German Anthropologist, interested in Anthropo-Geography, kulturkreis |
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| came up with kulturkreis, german, followed friedrich ratzel |
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| – translated “culture circles”, according to certain theorists, the pattern of diffusion of cultural traits |
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german anthropologist
-The Method of Ethnology
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| -The Origin of the Idea of God |
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| The theoretical orientation of Franz Boas and many of his students who focused on the particular histories of particular cultures. |
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-The Central Eskimo
-“The Limitations of the Comparative Method in Anthropology”
-Race, Language, and Culture
-“Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants” |
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| The idea that culture is distinct from and "above" biology. |
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-Handbook of California Indians
-Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America
-Configurations of Culture Growth
-“Zuni Potsherds” |
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-Patterns of Culture
-The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture |
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| -Themes in Japanese Culture |
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| -Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech |
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-Coming of Age in Samoa
-Growing Up in New Guinea (with Reo Fortune)
-Balinese Character (with Gregory Bateson)
-Male and Female: A Study of the Sexes in a Changing World |
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| -Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth |
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-The Family Among the Australian Aborigines (1913)
-Baloma: The Spirit of the Dead in the Trobriands (1916).
-Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922).
-Myth in Primitive Psychology (honors Frazer ca. 1925)
-Crime and Custom in Savage Society (1926
-Sex and Repression in Savage Society (1927).
-The Sexual Lives of Savages in Northwestern Melanesia (1929)
-Coral Gardens and their Magic (2 volumes -1935)
-The Dynamics of Culture Change (1945 |
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| Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown |
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Definition
-“The Comparative Method in Social Anthropology” (1951)
-Natural Science of Society (1937 -pub 1957)
-The Social Organization of Australian Tribes (1931)
-Structure and Function in Primitive Societies (1952) |
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HRAF
Human Relations Area File |
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Definition
| its mission is to encourage and facilitate worldwide comparative studies of human behavior, society, and culture |
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