- means justifies the ends 

Example: honesty is the best policy

- the belief that the end justifies the means.

-The emphasis of any decision should be on the consequence of an action rather than on a primary, guiding universal principle.

- a principle could be considered bad if the results were bad.

-shift from agrarian and rural economy to an industrial one 

- steady influx of immigrants

- growing labor movement 

- explosion of technological innovations 

- expanded railroads and emergence of steel mills 

         - provided new ways of transportation

- wealth was being created for a handful of men (Carnegie, Morgan and Rockefeller) 

- Laissiz Faire: free interprise with no interferance 

- his advances in science and psychological theories challenged the notion that people were rational

- this caused people to question whether individuals were capable of right thought and action. 

- threatened the foundation of universal truths and values 

- contradicted notions of the libertarian theory of freedom 

- led to shift in philosophical thought from deontological thinking to technological thinking

- arose in response to the unjust byproducts of big business 

- rise in industries and the concentration of populations in urban centers led to poor sanitation, health concerns, and hazardous working conditions

- progressive leaders sought government remedies in the form of legislation and social reform groups

- YMCA, American Fed. of Labor, and various women's organizations arose to address the issues

Characteristics of muckraking journalism 

- it exposes a hidden situation

- it locates an agent of control

- it indicates a preferred action

- it incites audience response 

- allowed for longer, in-depth articles

- national distribution -- social ills were not confined to one place

- didn't have same restrictions as newspapers

- 1906

-tightened railroad regulations so they get no preferential treatment. 

- caused by Ida Tarbell when she exposed the corruption of Standard Oil 

- 1909

- prohibited the transportation of women across state lines for immoral purposes 

- 1912

- made the press more open and honest about circulation figures and media outlets. 

- 1913 miners protested low wages and poor working conditions 

- guards killed over 100 women and children to stop protestors 

- rockefeller used PR guy to help with his image/rep.

- that public consciousness about the evils of big business and government would lead to social chaos 

- the media's dissatisfaction with the way the US was would lead to the rising of unhappy and unruly citizens

- philosophers and scientists came to the conclusion that it was not a rational entity 

- it can be manipulated through the use of images and symbols

- irrational mind of it can be controlled 

- increased circulations

- intensified interest among readers

- proffesional standards of conduct

- debates about the role of public opinion 

- concern for the less fortunate and a belief in intervention to improve society 

- claims that freedom cannot be defined apart from the responsibility it carries and that whoever enjoys freedom has obligations to society

- end result is more important than the route one takes to get there

- media should be useful and beneficial to society 

- argued that their advertising base could subsidize high-quality noncommercial fare

- seen as serving the common good

- presented a range of ideas that could threaten social harmony

- ideas like socialism, communism, and Bolshevism were counter-productive to the welfare of society 

 o   A truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of the day’s events in a context which gives them meaning

o   A forum for the exchange of comment and criticism

o   The projection of a representative picture of the constituent groups in the society

o   The presentation and clarification of the goals and values of the society

o   Full access to the day’s intelligence. 

- media that provides audience with a choice that is not confined to a mainstream media outlet

- operate outside of a profit imperative (nonprofit media) 

- when mainstream media either ignore, trivialize, or insult a group and its ideas. 

      - this creation of a closed marketplace spurs groups to publish their own publications for their own goals and purposes

Injustice - identifies a wrong done to a group of people

Agency - basically lobbying. refers to the political processes that give a group the power to bring about change.

identity - encourages participation in a project on the basis of group identification with the cause. A group asks those to participate who can relate to the cause but may not be directly apart of it or affected by it.

Abolition Press - The North Star in 1847 founded by Frederick Douglass that raised awareness about the evils of slavery.

Woman's Suffrage Press - The Revolution published btwn 1868 and 1870 by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony that advocated women's right to vote and raised awareness about abortions and birth control

- offered special programming designed for target audiences 

        - this allowed for increased ad sales by delivering an audience that major broadcast networks could not. 

        - unites audience for a short amount of time.

- stifled creativity 

- loss of privacy --nothing is safe online and anyone can access your info.

- use social media sites like facebook to communicate and keep in touch with those you would not normally get the chance to. 

- the absense of face to face communication allows for a certain level of creativity

- founded by Tim Berners-Lee 

- wants to connect people, not just machines.

-  helped publish "The Revolution" along side Susan B. Anthony to advocate for women's rights to vote

- also to raise awareness about abortions and birth control. 

- copyright issues --> on the internet people are not getting paid for every time their work shows up online

- proliferation of porn --> available to all audiences

- engaged viewers, interpreting messages ciritically or resisting messages 

- uses and gratification theory -- audience choose which media to use and how to use them to gratify certain needs. Audiences are goal directed in their use of media.

- negotiation of meaning -- parody, media messages are determined by viewer

- parody

- shows that media can often act as fear mongerers or sensationalize messages so more people will tune in.  

- Father of PR

- advised Rockefeller to meet with the protesting miners and talk with them

- hired a photographer to take pics of him talking with them and eating with them to show the public he cares

- muckraking reporter of the series “The Treason of the Senate”

- exposed senators control by corporations who got them elected for political favors

- can pass along videos and create a shared experience 

- links people, not just machines

-media is the means by which other cultures make sense of our culture and visa versa. 

- the meanings of our cultural identities are created through media messages.

- lack of funding

- small staff