Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts.  Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.

A. humanistic

B.cognitive

C. biological

D. psychodynamic

E. behavioral

The personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an Austrian

A. chemist

B. physician

C. theologian

D. politician

E. philanthropist

Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?

A. behavioral

B. cognitive

C. biological

D. socio-cultural

E. psychodynamic

Dr. Macpherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied.  Dr. Macpherson's ideas most directly exemplify the _______ perspective.

A. social-cultural

B. cognitive

C. psychodynamic

D. humanistic

E. biological

Who used the method of introspection to scientifically identify basic elements of mind?

A. Aristotle

B. John Locke

C. Edward Titchener

D. John Watson

E. Socrates

Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?

A. Wilhelm Wundt

B. John B. Watson

C. Sigmund Freud

D. William James

E. Mary Calkins

Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression.  Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ______ approach.

A. psychodynamic

B. biopsychosocial

C. cognitive

D. humanistic

E. behavioral

Clinical psychologists specialize in

A. constructing surveys

B. animal research

C. providing therapy to troubled people

D. providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders

E. treating patients in clinical settings

Masrk believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival.  his belief best illustrates the _______ perspective.

A. psychodynamic

B. social-cultural

C. evolutionary

D. behavioral

E. cognitive

Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?

A. cognitive

B. behavioral

C. evolutionary

D. social-cultural

E. psychodynamic

Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate reactions and feelings in response to different musical sounds are using the method known as

A. spaced practice

B. psychoanalysis

C. introspection

D. natural selection

E. SQ3R

In a class lecture, Professor Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders.  The professor's lecture highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders.

A. psychodynamic

B. humanistic

C. biological

D. social-cultural

E. cognitive

The method of introspection was used by Titchener to identify

A. inherited traits

B. learned responses

C. maladaptive behaviors

D. unconscious motives

E. elements of sensory experience

Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?

A. Ivan Pavlov

B. Carl Rogers

C. William James

D. John B. Watson

E. Sigmund Freud

Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior.  Dr. Veenstra is most likely a(n) _______ psychologist.

A. developmental

B. clinical

C. social

D. biological

E. industrial-organizational

For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work.  it would be most beneficial for Adam to contact a(n) _______ psychologist.

A. industrial-organizational

B. clinical

C. personality

D. biological

E. social

Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

A. evolutionary

B. behavioral

C. psychodynamic

D. biological

E. humanistic

Mergaret has difficulty speaking in front of her classmates and explains to a friend, "Everybody in my family is shy, so it must be genetic."  Using the biopsychosocial approach to understanding her behavior, Margaret should

A. examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on shyness

B. reduce her experience in class to her immediate sensation and feelings.

C. focus on possible unconscious motivations for her fears

D. examine how fear is adaptive and has contributed to her ancestors' survival

E. explore how her perceptions affect her ability to speak in class

Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others.  Which specialty area does his research best represent?

A. cognitive psychology

B. social psychology

C. developmental psychology

D. clinical psychology

E. industrial-organizational psychology

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?

A. evolutionary
B. biological

C. behavioral

D. humanistic

E. psychodynamic

Which of the following psychologists most clarly rejected the value of introspection?

A. Wilhelm Wundt

B. Edward Titchener

C. John B. Watson

D. William James

E. Sigmund Freud

Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother.  mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) _______ perspective.

A. evolutionary

B. behavioral

C. psychodynamic

D. biological

E. social-cultural

The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by

A. Plato and Socrates

B. John Locke and Francis Bacon

C. Plato and Rene Descartes

D. Socrates and Confucius

E. Aristotle and Socrates

In the early 1960's, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of

A. mental processes

B. hereditary influences

C. unconscious motives

D. learned behaviors

E. evolutionary influences

Dr. Kozak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcohol dependence among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalist religious influences in that region.  This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.

A. humanistic

B. evolutionary

C. psychodynamic

D. biological

E. social-cultural

Basing decisions or concllusions on observable evidence describes which of the following?

A. hindsight bias

B. confirmation bias

C. empirical approach

D. overconfidence

E. operational definition

To exercise maximum control over the factors they are interested in studying, researchers engage in

A. case studies

B. correlational research

C. experimentation

D. replication

E. surveys

To study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of subjects work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room.  To ensure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels to which the groups are exposed, the researchers would use

A. the case study

B. correlational measurement

C. naturalistic observation

D. replication

E. random assignment

What is the advantage of researchers using an empirical approach in evaluating the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

A. researchers would experience greater overconfidence in their findings

B. such an approach allows researchers to set aside their critical thinking and explore their intuition

C. under controlled conditions, researchers collect evidence that may justify a cause-effect conclusion

D. the empirical approach fosters condeitions necessary for hindsight bias to occur

E. researchers may greatly overestimate eyewitness recollections when using the empirical approach

The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presume to have medicinal benefits illustrates

A. random assignment

B. hindsight bias

C. the double-blind effect

D. the placebo effect

E. illusory correlation

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?

A. -0.12

B. +1.00

C. -0.99

D. +0.25

E. -0.50

Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes.  His idea is best described as a(n)

A. theory

B. replication

C. naturalistic observation

D. illusory correlation

E. hindsight bias

Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events?

A. mean

B. scatterplot

C. standard deviation

D. median

E. correlation coefficient

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Mr. and Mrs. Klostreich have six children aged 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16.  The mean age of the Klostreich children is

A. 5

B. 6

C. 6 1/2

D. 7

E. 8

If scored on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of scores will fall between 85 and 115?

A. 34

B. 47

C. 68

D. 80

E. 95

A soft drink company recently invested in a new advertising campaign to increase sales.  Which of the following would allow executives to best judge the results of their latest commercials?

A. compute the range based on the highest monthly sales this year with the lowest sales of last year

B. compare the mean sales of soft drinks with that of their major competitor

C. compute the mode to determine which soft drinks have the highest sales

D. compare the means of sales before and after the beginning of the new campaign to determine statistical significance

E. compute the median of sales for each of their product lines, then compare

When the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance, researchers conclude that this difference is

A. positively correlated

B. highly variable

C. reliable

D. statistically significant

E. experimentally empirical

According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem.  His idea is an example of

A. naturalistic observation

B. illusory correlation

C. hindsight bias

D. replication

E. a theory

Which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment?

A. the rexperimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior

B. the research participants are exposed to all the different hypotheses

C. the experimental group receives the experimental treatment

D. the experimental group does not receive the experimental treatment

E. the operational definition is not applied to their variables

To describe the behavior of animals in their native habitats, researchres are most likely to make use of

A. survey research

B. the double-blind procedure

C. random assignment

D. experimental methods

E. naturalistic observation

What is the primary limitation of the case study research method?

A. it is not an empirical method

B. the case study is not part of the scientific method

C. random sampling must be used to ensure representative findings

D. individual cases can be misleading and result in false generalizations

E. correlational findings from case studies cannot be interpreted as casual

Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?

A. control group, random sampling, random assignment

B. case study, naturalistic observation, survey

C. informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing

D. volunteer participants only, no deception, incentives for participation

E. effect size, statistical significance, measure of central tendency, variation

The sequential occurrence of two highly unusual events is most likely to contribute to

A. random sampling

B. the hindsight bias

C. the placebo effect

D. an illusory correlation

E. overconfidence

Psychologists' personal values and goals

A. are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation

B. lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants

C. can bias their observations and interpretations

D. have very little influence on the process of scientific observation

E. affect their work only if they are different from the norm

When we see certain outcomes as obvious based on what has occured, we may be experiencing

A. empiricism

B. critical thinking

C. hindsight bias

D. overconfidence

E. humility

If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are

A. causally related

B. positively correlated

C. independent variables

D. dependent variables

E. negatively correlated

Dr. Roberts hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated in an auditorium seating 300.  In this example,

A. Dr. Roberts has found a cause-effect relationship

B. Dr. Roberts has found a positive correlation between classroom size and course grades

C. the independent variable is the measurement of course grades

D. classroom size has been operationally defined

E. Dr. Roberts has demonstrated the importance of random sampling=

Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?

A. the experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior

B. the reserach participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments

C. the research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment

D. the experimental treatment is absent

E. the operational definition is not applied to their variables