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History and systems of psychology
final exam
32
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/05/2019

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Romanes anecdotal methods
Definition
The anecdotal method is based on personal observation and recollections rather than regulated study. This is useful when attempting to gain insight for further empirical research, but, alone, it is not regarded as a tool with which theories can be supported or facts can be developed.
Term
Morgan’s Canon
Definition
Morgan's canon is a rule relating to animal behaviour, which states that it should be explained as simply as possible. It is named after British psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan.
Term

Loeb and tropisms

 

Definition
Tropism, response or orientation of a plant or certain lower animals to a stimulus that acts with greater intensity from one direction than another. It may be achieved by active movement or by structural alteration. Forms of tropism include phototropism (response to light), geotropism (response to gravity), chemotropism (response to particular substances), hydrotropism (response to water), thigmotropism (response to mechanical stimulation), traumatotropism (response to wound lesion), and galvanotropism, or electrotropism (response to electric current).
Term

Jennings and emphasis on complex behaviors

 

Definition

Opposed Loeb's mechanistic approach to animal behavior

- Working in Max Verworn's lab, studied the unicellular paramecia whose behavioral complexity convinced him that Loeb's theory of tropisms was not valid even for the behavior of simple creatures

- However, both Loeb and Jennings believed studying simpler organisms could help our understanding of more complex organisms (an idea that is at the heart of early behaviorism)

- Both also stressed the importance of experimentation and objectivity and trained early behaviorists (Watson and Lashley)

Term

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

 

Definition
Acts that produce satisfaction in a given situation become associated with that situation, when the situation recurs, the act is likely to recur.
Term

Pavlov and the conditioned reflex

 

Definition

 Reflexes that are conditional or dependent on the formation of an association or connection between a stimulus and a response.

 

Term

Watson

Predict and control

S-R 

 

Definition
stimulus-response: First, being able to predict something doesn’t necessarily mean we can control it. Earthquakes and hurricanes make the point. To predict something, however, does seem to imply an understanding of its controlling variables - the things that make it happen or not.  Control implies prediction - if we can control something we can tell, that is predict, when it will occur. Prediction doesn’t imply that we can command the things (variables) necessary to make it happen, but we do understand those variables. Often if we know how to control something we can make it occur. Knowing about combustion allows us to predict that if certain things happen, fire will be the outcome.
Term

Positivism

 

Definition
Positivism is a philosophical theory stating that certain knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations. Thus, information derived from sensory experience, interpreted through reason and logic, forms the exclusive source of all certain knowledge
Term

Logical positivism

 

Definition
a 20th century philosophical movement holding that all meaningful statements are either analytic or conclusively verifiable or at least confirmable by observation and experiment and that metaphysical theories are therefore strictly meaningless. — called also logical empiricism.
Term

Tolman’s cognitive behaviorism

Cognitive maps

Insight learning

 

Definition

 cognitive map, which is an internal representation (or image) of external environmental feature or landmark. He thought that individuals acquire large numbers of cues (i.e. signals) from the environment and could use these to build a mental image of an environment

Tolman is virtually the only behaviorists who found the stimulus-response theory unacceptable, because reinforcement was not necessary for learning to occur. He felt behavior was mainly cognitive.

Term

Hull’s hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Intervening variables

 

Definition

The hypothetico-deductive model (or method) has been proposed as a description of scientific method. According to this description scientific inquiry and research proceeds by means by formulating hypotheses that can be either proved or disproved through experimentation and observation.

 Hull was interested in studying intervening variables that affected behavior such as initial drive, incentives, inhibitors, and prior training (habit strength). Like other forms of behavior theory, reinforcement is the primary factor that determines learning

Term

Skinner Box 

 

Definition
A Skinner box, also known as an operant conditioning chamber, is an enclosed apparatus that contains a bar or key that an animal can press or manipulate in order to obtain food or water as a type of reinforcement.
Term

Operant Conditioning & Shaping

Reinforcement

Punishment

 

Definition

Operant conditioning: a learning situation that involves behavior emitted by an organism rather than being elicited by a detectable stimulus.

 Reinforcers: Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative.

• Punishers: Responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment weakens behavior.

Term

Schedules of reinforcement

 

Definition
Conditions involving various rates and times of reinforcement.
Term
skinner social activism
Definition

Goal of psychology to improve the human condition

Apply knowledge to design of technology and social institutions

Baby-tender (aircrib)

Failed due to negative public perception of behaviorism

Project Pigeon

Teaching machine

 

Term

Cognitive psych as scientific revolution?

 

Definition
The cognitive revolution was an intellectual movement that began in the 1950s as an interdisciplinary study of the mind and its processes. It later became known collectively as cognitive science.
Term
Computers, Information Theory, Control Theory, Cybernetics
Definition

Information theory studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information.

Cybernetics, control theory as it is applied to complex systems. Cybernetics is associated with models in which a monitor compares what is happening to a system at various sampling times with some standard of what should be happening, and a controller adjusts the system's behaviour accordingly

Term

Fitts’ Law

 

Definition
Fitts' law states that the amount of time required for a person to move a pointer (e.g., mouse cursor) to a target area is a function of the distance to the target divided by the size of the target.
Term
Connectionalism
Definition

Information is not stored explicitly but as relations between nodes in a network

 

Term

Supernatural causes -> magical ritual and prayer as treatments

 

Definition

Pervasive through middle ages (due to religion being the main focus) and somewhat common today; Being of beyond natural laws; Evil Spirits, Demons, Ghosts, and Ghouls. A modernish example would be Voodoo; Potions and other practices are typically used

 trepanation: opening a hole in ones skull as a cure for mental disorders (Originally thought to release evil spirits)

Exorcism: the act of freeing someone from demonic possession; Primarily associated with religion and the use of religion to purify the soul; Prayer

Term

Biological causes -> biological means of treatment (bloodletting, medicine)

 

Definition

Biological: perspective that stresses links between biology and behavior; Any illness is due to an imbalance 

Early Greek physicians

Hippocrates: biological causes, 4 bodily humors.

Illness  = imbalance

Galen’s 4 humors = 4 temperaments

Phlegmatic (green) = sluggish, flat affect

Sanguine (red) = Cheerful

Choleric (yellow) = Ill tempered (Type A personality?)

Melancholic (black) = Sad (depressed?)

Bloodletting, Modern medicine

neurotransmitters, hormones, genetics

Medication as treatment

 

Term

Psychological causes -> psychological treatment (cognitive behavior therapy, shaping, extinction)

 

Definition

Psychological: Of, affecting, or arising in the mind; related to the mental and emotional state of a person; Traumatic experiences, Improper learning associations 

Early childhood experiences: Conditioned fear, phobias

Freud’s stages: guilt, anxiety, conflict

Traumatic experiences

Improper learned associations

Cognitive behavior therapy

Weaken associations between improper S-R chains

Alter response to stimuli

Relaxation techniques

Weaken associations between connected thoughts

Alter thinking patterns

 

Term

Romanticism

 

Definition
Empiricist (Scientific) and Materialist (NOT mental) ignore the emotional, irrational and phenomenological aspects of humanity; Ex. look to art to find inner struggles and sublimated needs; Expression of oneself is important to find one's true self (free will is required for this)
Term

Existentialism

 

Definition

Emphasis on Instinctual desires and drives (Unconscious); precursor to Freudian thoughts

Will to Survive (Schopenhauer): Transcendence (rising above) defines man; drive to live; Sublimation (Channeling) of desires creates art and other creative pieces; Fear of death leads to the desire not to give up, but giving in leads to unfulfillable cycle of needs.

 

Term

Study of the energy flows within the mind

 

Definition

Psychodynamics

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts; Energy flows within the mind

Term

Freud’s Personality Theory

 

Definition

Id (Freud's theory): Primary process (Frustration leads to memory) and Mental development (mental images to get happy); basic instinctual drives all humans have (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires)

 

 

Term
Freud’s Psychosexual Development
Definition

Stage 1: Oral: Mouth seeks pleasure. Conflict: weaning; too much or too little stimulation leads to take "in" or over stimulus;

 Stage 2: Anal: (Toilet training) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control; Frustration can develop due to delay; Two possibilities: Too strict leading to retaliation, or reaction formation (frugality); Over praised leads to being too generous

 Stage 3: Phallic: Males: Oedipus complex (Love for mom/ hate for dad); Castration anxiety (fear of damage being done to their genitalia by the parent of the same sex). Females: Penis Envy (anxiety upon realization that they do not have a penis); Electra Complex (Hate for mom/ love for dad)

 

Term
Third-Force Psychology
Definition

humanistic psychology, which was viewed by Maslow and others as an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism

Four tenets of Third-Force Psychology

1. freewill (we control ourselves) 2. subjective reality (everyone is unique) 3. Psychology is not a science (no universal rules) 4. Phenomenology (goal of psych is to define the whole person not reducing into laws of behavior) occurs when there is direct conflict between id and ego; by-product of fear of freedom

 

 

Term
Existentialism
Definition

Will to Power (Nietzsche): Instinctual desires are what makes us who we are, and the only way to obtain true potential is to understand and follow the desires to completion; Inner desires must become outer desires ; Free will is required to be able focus on needs and become a true version of yourself

Superman (Nietzsche): Fulfillment of all desires and our true needs; unlocking our true potential

Term
Freud's personality theory
Definition

 Ego (Freud's theory): Reality principle (Distinguish between fantasy and reality, more practical about goals); Secondary process (frustration leads to perception and motor functions) and Perceptual-motor development; rationalizing conscious, what one can do - fulfills the Id's needs in realistic ways that work better for us long term

Super Ego (Freud's Theory): Ego- ideal, contains lists of making good behavior (Rewards and punishes the ego); Conscience, contains lists of morally bad behaviors;

Term
Freud's psychosexual development
Definition

Stage 4: Latent: Nothing Happens; If stuck in this phase - immaturity and inability to make adult connections

Stage 5: Genital: Adolescence to Adulthood; Interpersonal relations, freedom to love/work; We do what we do for sex

 

 

Term
Third-force psychology
Definition

Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active; Self actualization is reaching one's full human potential

Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers): an attitude of total acceptance toward another person; Important pre-condition for self-actualization; Lack of causes self-esteem to go down and prevent achieving one's unique potential (due to worry about others attitudes)

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