Term
| William James wrote likea ____ while his brother Henry wrote like a _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Depressed, Freewill and pragmatism |
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Term
| William James Freewill & Pragmatism |
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Definition
| Recognised deterministic character of nature, freedom exists, can choose to sustain one thought |
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Term
| Which book defined psychology for America and who wrote it? |
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Definition
| Principles of Psychology by Henry Holt and William James |
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Term
| Book written by William James with Henry Holt |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Consciousness, Emotion, Habits, Memory |
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Term
| Primary topic in Psychology |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of consciousness |
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Definition
| adaptive, personal, ever-changing, continuous, selective |
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Term
| James' Approach to Consciousness |
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Definition
| not to be understood through its elements, pragmatic analysis |
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Term
| James interest in Emotion |
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Definition
| First published in mind, revised in psychological review |
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Term
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Definition
| innate, habitual behaviors, perception of these changes constitutes core of emotional experience |
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Term
| Role of education in habits |
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Definition
| train beneficial habits, make the nervous system an ally, eliminate war, pestilence, famine, ugliness in life |
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Term
| Nervous system is modified by experience |
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Definition
| many behaviors well rehearsed habits, today's 'automatic responses' |
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Term
| The Moral Equivalent of War |
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Definition
| Speech in 1910 by William James |
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Term
| William James' publications |
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Definition
| Varieties of Religious Experience, Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth |
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Definition
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Term
| James' Definition of memory |
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Definition
the "knowledge of an event or fact, of which
meantime we have not been thinking, with
the additional consciousness that we have
thought of or experienced it before” |
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Term
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Definition
| strength depends on quality of brain structure, memories can be trained, improved |
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Term
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Definition
| William James Influenced this, Tri-partite empirical self, 2 types of people, our self-feeling is in our power |
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Term
| Tri-partite empirical self |
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Definition
| material self, social self, spiritual self |
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Term
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Definition
| tender minded, intellectualistic idealistic, optimistic, religious, free-willed |
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Term
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Definition
| rationalists, empiricists |
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Term
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Definition
| tough minded, sensationlistic, naturalistic, pessimistic, irreligious, fatalistic |
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Term
| Famous undergraduate students of William James |
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Definition
| Gertrude Stein, Theodore Roosevelt, George Santayana, W.E.B. DuBois, Walter Lippmann |
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Term
| Psychologist graduate students of William James |
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Definition
G. Stanley Hall
James Angell
E. L. Thorndike
Robert Sessions Woodworth
Mary Whiton Calkins |
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Term
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Definition
ƒÞ 1st US woman Ph.D. in psychology
ƒÞ 1st woman president of APA
ƒÞ Followed James body-less mind (¡§keeps
psychologists from being biologists¡¨). |
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Term
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Definition
Truth established by pragmatic criterion
Beliefs must make a material difference
Relative value
Beliefs do not work because they are true;
they are true because they work. |
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Term
| Students of Granville Stanley Hall |
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Definition
ħ Woodrow Wilson
ħ Joseph Jastrow
ħ Lewis Terman
ħ John Dewey
ħ James McKeen Cattell |
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Term
| Psychological Contributions of Granville Stanley Hall |
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Definition
| Forerunner of American Functionalism, Developmental Psychology, American Journal of Psychology, American Psychological Association, Evolution and affirmative action |
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Term
| Who was the forefunner of American Functionalism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hall's contributions to Developmental Psychology |
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Definition
| Adolescence (1904)-childhood and adolescence are different, wrote Sensence |
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Term
| Who began the American Journal of Psychology? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hall's contributions to the APA |
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Definition
| Organizing meeting, Charter membership |
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Term
| When was the formation of the APA and what did psychology have by then |
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Definition
| July 1892 scientific journal, major textbook, labs at Johns Hopkins, Columbia, Harvard, Indiana, Stanford, Cornell, Yale, Clark, U Wisconsin, Kansas, Toronto, Nebraska, Iowa |
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Term
| Planning committee of the first APA meeting |
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Definition
| Hall, Fullerton, James, Baldwin, Jastrow, Ladd & Cattell |
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Term
| Hall's Contributions to evolution and affirmative action |
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Definition
| viewed "Negro races" as behind because of enslavement, no difference in capacity or ability |
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Term
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Definition
| Introducing Frued to America, 20th anniversary of Clark University, invited 2 speakers (Experimentalist, Applied) |
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Term
| Experimentalist speaker options at Clark Conference |
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Definition
| 1 Wundt, 2 Ebbinghaus, 3 William Stern |
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Term
| Applied Psychology speaker at Clark Conference |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Apa President, Province of Functional Psychology - presidential address |
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Term
| Angell's presidential address |
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Definition
| province of functional psychology, 3 characteristics of functional psychology: psychology of mental operations, describes functions and operations under real-life conditions, constant interplay between psychological and physiological; consciousness is a control function |
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Term
| James McKeen Cattell contributions |
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Definition
| Psychometrics, 1894 psychological review, publications in other journals, APA president in 1895, 1921 founded the psychological corporation, fathered McKeen and Psyche |
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Definition
| 'mental test', recommended Standard Battery of tests |
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Term
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Definition
| Thorndike, Woodsworth, Strong |
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Term
| Robert Sessions Woodworth |
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Definition
| Apa president in 1914, Psych corp. board member 1921-1960 |
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Term
| Robert Sessions Woodworth contributions |
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Definition
| Developed army recruitment screening tests, other tests with cattell, transfer of training |
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Term
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Definition
| S-R excitation not cause, S -> many R's, S-O-R, drives within O |
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Definition
| taught experimental methods |
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Term
| Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov |
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Definition
| Russian psychologist, wrote Reflexes of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| puzzle boxes, APA president 1912 |
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Term
| Learning in Thordikes's puzzle boxes |
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Definition
| no benefit from modeling, observation, manipulation, box-wise cats, trial & error, no escape = slower learning |
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Term
| Thorndike's laws of learning |
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Definition
| exercise, readiness, proximity |
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Term
| Thorndike the psychologist |
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Definition
| functionalist, behaviorist, comparative psychologist |
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Term
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Definition
| chair of psychology department at Johns Hopkins (1908), wrote Psychology as the behaviorist views it, APA president 1915, founding editor of JEP, little albert, Rosalie Raynor |
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Term
| Psychology as the behaviorist views it |
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Definition
| Watson, psychology has failed as a science, consciousness not focal to psychology--introspection not required, psychologists should study behavior |
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Term
| Three principles of behaviorism |
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Definition
| Psychology is the science of behavior, consciousness not the object of study, empiricism--publicly observable data |
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Term
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Definition
| skinner, the animal operates on the environment --> reinforecement |
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Term
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Definition
| Skinner's first major book, one of the most influential books in psychology, provided a system for prediction and control of freely emitted behavior with remarkable precisoin |
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Term
| four criticisms of behavior of organisms |
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Definition
| pretentious title, neglected the work of others, restricted range of behavior, small samples (no statistics) |
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Term
| Schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| Skinner; behavior depends on how/when reinforcement is given; characteristics for each FR, VR, FI, VI types of reinforcement |
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Definition
| skinner, describes shaping, chined responding |
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Definition
| project OrCon, Animals in space, Air crib |
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Term
| Purposive behavior in animals and men |
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Definition
| Tolman, animal behavior is goal directed, rats learned cognitive map not rote pathway, focued on molar phenomena |
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Term
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Definition
| different rewards associated with improved behavior |
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Term
| Determiners of behavior at a choice point |
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Definition
| three classes of variables: ivs, dvs, intervening variables (drives states o organism) |
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Term
| Tolman on Latent learning |
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Definition
| Learning occured without explicit satisfiers (latent learning) |
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Definition
| APA president 1937, broadening of behaviorism |
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Definition
| Guthrie, contiguity of stimuli provide necessary and sufficient conditions for learning, parsimonious widely appreciated ultimately insufficient |
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Definition
| APA president, Dean of U Washington graduate school |
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Definition
| Aptitude testing, hypnosis, learning, APA president 1936 |
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Term
| Hull's characteristics of science |
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Definition
Unambiguous postulates
ħ Presented to allow logical deductions
ħ Logical, empirical, testable predictions
ħ Theorems based on experiments to confirm
predictions |
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Term
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Definition
| Hull, most frequently cited book through the 60s, central postulate relates habit strength to reinforcement |
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Term
| Principles of Behavior criticisms |
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Definition
| propositions based on tests of limited range--often from different response systems, testing in artificial conditions, predicted groups of rats not individuals |
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Term
| central postulate of Principles of Behavior |
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Definition
SER = SHR x D x V x K
ƒÞ SER is reaction potential
ƒÞ SHR is habit strength, measured in ¡¥habs¡¦
ħ 1 hab = 1% of maximum
ƒß ¡§Habit strength is the tendency of a
stimulus trace to evoke an associated
response¡¨
ƒÞ D is drive level
ƒÞ V is stimulus intensity
ƒÞ K is incentive value |
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Term
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Definition
| Can one distinguish machine from human behavior? |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposed 'Universal Machine' |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st electronic computation device with stored programming, EDVAC, ENIAC |
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Term
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Definition
| Two important aspects: information measurement and information processing |
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Term
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Definition
| The magical number 7 plus or minus 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of mental responding, three tasks (simple RT, Go/NoGo RT, Choice RT), Task components (Perception, Identification, Response Selection, Response Execution), Subtraction method |
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Term
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Definition
| Saul Sternberg, based on Donders, scanning short-term memory, search is sequential and exaustive |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive psychology, fully formed new approach to psychology |
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Term
| Chronometric Explorations of Mind |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| whenever you can, count; Anthropometrics; champion of the eugenics movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Kraepelin, Clusters of symptoms = syndromes, prognosis of given symptoms, basis for determining cause and remidiation, dementia praecox (non-elderly) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| exogenous dementia praecox |
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Definition
| paranoid, manic depressive |
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Term
| endogenous dementia praecox |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first psychology lab in France, tests to separate normal for 'educationally refractory' children |
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Term
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Definition
Tests of elementary school
ħ Rate of tapping, judgment of line length
distinguished very bright from very dull
ħ No other associations
ƒÞ Brought Binet¡¦s tests to US (as Simon-Binet)
ħ Vineland Institute for Backward Children, NJ,
1909 |
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Term
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Definition
| Longitudinal study of exceptional children |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological Clinic, Clinical psychology |
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Term
| Witmer’s Clinical Psychology |
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Definition
Four points of applied psychology
(1) Investigate phenomena of mental/moral retardation
(2) Clinic for treatment of children
Practical internships, training programs for
(3) Medicine, teachers, social workers
(4) Psychological expert |
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Term
| Psychometrics in World War I (including tests developed and results) |
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Definition
Need for assessment of troops (assignments,
deployment, intelligence)
Robert Yerkes (APA President) & Cattell
organized psychologists to serve in mental testing
ƒÞ Tests Developed:
ħ Army Alpha: following directions, arithmetic,
synonyms & antonyms
ħ Army Beta (for non-English literates)
ħ Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (psychoneurotic
inventory)
Results „³ growth of psychometrics and societal inequities |
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Term
| Woodworth personal data sheet |
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Definition
ħ 1st psychoneurotic
inventory
ħ First objective
personality test (screen
soldiers as fit for duty) |
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Term
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Definition
| pushed for certification of clinical psychologists |
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Term
| Psychotherapy begins: three sources |
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Definition
1. Freud¡¦s Descendants
ħ Jung and his students, Alfred Adler, Otto Rank
ħ Hormic Psychology (refers to innate drives and motivations)
2. Social Relation Psychologists ¡V Individual Differences
ħ Kurt Lewin (topology, life space)
ƒÞ Social context influences in
ħ Gordon Alport (schemas as neuropsychic systems)
ƒÞ Individual schemas affect social relations
3. Psychologists in Education / Neurological settings
ħ Including Carl Rogers
ħ Most outside of APA |
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Term
| Intersociety Convention in 1943 |
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Definition
ħ Lead by David Shakow and Robert Yerkes
ħ Suggested unification under APA
ħ Changes to membership regulations
ƒÞ PhD. OR Prior Associate Membership
ƒÞ Research publication OR 4 years professional experience
ƒÞ New associate membership for < PhD but working in psychology
ħ Purpose of APA: To advance the science and practice of psychology |
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Term
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Definition
ħ Provide standards for training clinical psychologists
ƒÞ Clinical Psychologists to
ƒß Be Scientist ¡V Practitioners
ħ Equal training in Science and Clinical Practice
ħ Receive the PhD
ħ Specialize in Post-Doctoral Training |
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Term
| Training of clinical psychologists |
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Definition
ƒÞ Clinical Training Includes
ħ Observation
ħ Interviewing
ħ Objective Testing
ħ Projective Procedures
ħ Case Integration for Treatment and Research
ħ Therapy / Remediation
ħ Research Techniques (Utilizing Data from Treatment)
ƒÞ Recommend: Integration of coursework with practical
experience
ƒÞ Complete psychotherapy training with extended postdoctoral
experience. |
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Term
| core areas of clinical psychology training |
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Definition
ħ Systems (the history of approaches to psychology)
ħ Human Physiology (Biological Psychology)
ħ Experimental Psychology
ħ Social Relations
ħ Research Training
ƒÞ Including clinical research methodology
ħ Individual Differences
ƒÞ Psychopathology, Personality, Personality Assessment
ħ Psychotherapy and Clinical Medicine (incl. Practical Experience and
working with other professionals and community resources |
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Term
| Chicago Conference – 1965 |
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Definition
| Re-emphasized Ph.D., scientist-practitioner model |
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Term
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Definition
Professional model focused on direct delivery of services (parallel to
MD training)
ħ Emphasized delivery to diverse populations
ħ Degrees included Psy.D.
ƒÞ Training to include early exposure to service delivery
ƒÞ MA-level certification for
ħ School Psych, Industrial Psych, Sports Psych, et.
ƒÞ Much of the content and focus of current CoA policies reflects
priorities of Vail.
ƒÞ Critics of Vail: devaluation of scientific content |
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