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History and Systems Final
Lecture 6 - Lecture 10
106
Psychology
Graduate
12/17/2012

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Term
William James wrote likea ____ while his brother Henry wrote like a _____
Definition
novelist, philosopher
Term
Wiliam James pre-doc
Definition
MD in 1869 from Harvard
Term
James, Post-Doc
Definition
Depressed, Freewill and pragmatism
Term
William James Freewill & Pragmatism
Definition
Recognised deterministic character of nature, freedom exists, can choose to sustain one thought
Term
Which book defined psychology for America and who wrote it?
Definition
Principles of Psychology by Henry Holt and William James
Term
Book written by William James with Henry Holt
Definition
Principles of psychology
Term
Principles of Psychology
Definition
Consciousness, Emotion, Habits, Memory
Term
Primary topic in Psychology
Definition
Consciousness
Term
Characteristics of consciousness
Definition
adaptive, personal, ever-changing, continuous, selective
Term
James' Approach to Consciousness
Definition
not to be understood through its elements, pragmatic analysis
Term
James interest in Emotion
Definition
First published in mind, revised in psychological review
Term
Experience of emotion
Definition
innate, habitual behaviors, perception of these changes constitutes core of emotional experience
Term
Role of education in habits
Definition
train beneficial habits, make the nervous system an ally, eliminate war, pestilence, famine, ugliness in life
Term
Nervous system is modified by experience
Definition
many behaviors well rehearsed habits, today's 'automatic responses'
Term
The Moral Equivalent of War
Definition
Speech in 1910 by William James
Term
William James' publications
Definition
Varieties of Religious Experience, Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth
Term
Two types of memory
Definition
Primary and secondary
Term
James' Definition of memory
Definition
the "knowledge of an event or fact, of which
meantime we have not been thinking, with
the additional consciousness that we have
thought of or experienced it before”
Term
Memory
Definition
strength depends on quality of brain structure, memories can be trained, improved
Term
Clinical Ideas
Definition
William James Influenced this, Tri-partite empirical self, 2 types of people, our self-feeling is in our power
Term
Tri-partite empirical self
Definition
material self, social self, spiritual self
Term
rationalistis
Definition
tender minded, intellectualistic idealistic, optimistic, religious, free-willed
Term
two types of people
Definition
rationalists, empiricists
Term
empiricists
Definition
tough minded, sensationlistic, naturalistic, pessimistic, irreligious, fatalistic
Term
Famous undergraduate students of William James
Definition
Gertrude Stein, Theodore Roosevelt, George Santayana, W.E.B. DuBois, Walter Lippmann
Term
Psychologist graduate students of William James
Definition
G. Stanley Hall
 James Angell
 E. L. Thorndike
 Robert Sessions Woodworth
 Mary Whiton Calkins
Term
Mary Whiton Calkins
Definition
ƒÞ 1st US woman Ph.D. in psychology
ƒÞ 1st woman president of APA
ƒÞ Followed James body-less mind (¡§keeps
psychologists from being biologists¡¨).
Term
Pragmatism William James
Definition
Truth established by pragmatic criterion
 Beliefs must make a material difference
 Relative value
 Beliefs do not work because they are true;
they are true because they work.
Term
Students of Granville Stanley Hall
Definition
ħ Woodrow Wilson
ħ Joseph Jastrow
ħ Lewis Terman
ħ John Dewey
ħ James McKeen Cattell
Term
Psychological Contributions of Granville Stanley Hall
Definition
Forerunner of American Functionalism, Developmental Psychology, American Journal of Psychology, American Psychological Association, Evolution and affirmative action
Term
Who was the forefunner of American Functionalism?
Definition
Granville Stanley Hall
Term
Hall's contributions to Developmental Psychology
Definition
Adolescence (1904)-childhood and adolescence are different, wrote Sensence
Term
Who began the American Journal of Psychology?
Definition
Granville Stanley Hall
Term
Hall's contributions to the APA
Definition
Organizing meeting, Charter membership
Term
When was the formation of the APA and what did psychology have by then
Definition
July 1892 scientific journal, major textbook, labs at Johns Hopkins, Columbia, Harvard, Indiana, Stanford, Cornell, Yale, Clark, U Wisconsin, Kansas, Toronto, Nebraska, Iowa
Term
Planning committee of the first APA meeting
Definition
Hall, Fullerton, James, Baldwin, Jastrow, Ladd & Cattell
Term
Hall's Contributions to evolution and affirmative action
Definition
viewed "Negro races" as behind because of enslavement, no difference in capacity or ability
Term
The Clark Conference
Definition
Introducing Frued to America, 20th anniversary of Clark University, invited 2 speakers (Experimentalist, Applied)
Term
Experimentalist speaker options at Clark Conference
Definition
1 Wundt, 2 Ebbinghaus, 3 William Stern
Term
Applied Psychology speaker at Clark Conference
Definition
Frued
Term
James R. Angell
Definition
Apa President, Province of Functional Psychology - presidential address
Term
Angell's presidential address
Definition
province of functional psychology, 3 characteristics of functional psychology: psychology of mental operations, describes functions and operations under real-life conditions, constant interplay between psychological and physiological; consciousness is a control function
Term
James McKeen Cattell contributions
Definition
Psychometrics, 1894 psychological review, publications in other journals, APA president in 1895, 1921 founded the psychological corporation, fathered McKeen and Psyche
Term
Cattell's Psychometrics
Definition
'mental test', recommended Standard Battery of tests
Term
Students of Cattell
Definition
Thorndike, Woodsworth, Strong
Term
Robert Sessions Woodworth
Definition
Apa president in 1914, Psych corp. board member 1921-1960
Term
Robert Sessions Woodworth contributions
Definition
Developed army recruitment screening tests, other tests with cattell, transfer of training
Term
Woodworth on motivation
Definition
S-R excitation not cause, S -> many R's, S-O-R, drives within O
Term
The colombia bible
Definition
taught experimental methods
Term
Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov
Definition
Russian psychologist, wrote Reflexes of the brain
Term
Thorndike
Definition
puzzle boxes, APA president 1912
Term
Learning in Thordikes's puzzle boxes
Definition
no benefit from modeling, observation, manipulation, box-wise cats, trial & error, no escape = slower learning
Term
Thorndike's laws of learning
Definition
exercise, readiness, proximity
Term
Thorndike the psychologist
Definition
functionalist, behaviorist, comparative psychologist
Term
Watson
Definition
chair of psychology department at Johns Hopkins (1908), wrote Psychology as the behaviorist views it, APA president 1915, founding editor of JEP, little albert, Rosalie Raynor
Term
Psychology as the behaviorist views it
Definition
Watson, psychology has failed as a science, consciousness not focal to psychology--introspection not required, psychologists should study behavior
Term
Three principles of behaviorism
Definition
Psychology is the science of behavior, consciousness not the object of study, empiricism--publicly observable data
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
skinner, the animal operates on the environment --> reinforecement
Term
Behavior of Organisms
Definition
Skinner's first major book, one of the most influential books in psychology, provided a system for prediction and control of freely emitted behavior with remarkable precisoin
Term
four criticisms of behavior of organisms
Definition
pretentious title, neglected the work of others, restricted range of behavior, small samples (no statistics)
Term
Schedules of reinforcement
Definition
Skinner; behavior depends on how/when reinforcement is given; characteristics for each FR, VR, FI, VI types of reinforcement
Term
How to teach animals
Definition
skinner, describes shaping, chined responding
Term
Contributions of skinner
Definition
project OrCon, Animals in space, Air crib
Term
Purposive behavior in animals and men
Definition
Tolman, animal behavior is goal directed, rats learned cognitive map not rote pathway, focued on molar phenomena
Term
Tolman on expectation
Definition
different rewards associated with improved behavior
Term
Determiners of behavior at a choice point
Definition
three classes of variables: ivs, dvs, intervening variables (drives states o organism)
Term
Tolman on Latent learning
Definition
Learning occured without explicit satisfiers (latent learning)
Term
Tolman
Definition
APA president 1937, broadening of behaviorism
Term
Contiguity theory
Definition
Guthrie, contiguity of stimuli provide necessary and sufficient conditions for learning, parsimonious widely appreciated ultimately insufficient
Term
Edwin Ray Guthrie
Definition
APA president, Dean of U Washington graduate school
Term
Clark Leonard Hull
Definition
Aptitude testing, hypnosis, learning, APA president 1936
Term
Hull's characteristics of science
Definition
Unambiguous postulates
ħ Presented to allow logical deductions
ħ Logical, empirical, testable predictions
ħ Theorems based on experiments to confirm
predictions
Term
Principles of Behavior
Definition
Hull, most frequently cited book through the 60s, central postulate relates habit strength to reinforcement
Term
Principles of Behavior criticisms
Definition
propositions based on tests of limited range--often from different response systems, testing in artificial conditions, predicted groups of rats not individuals
Term
central postulate of Principles of Behavior
Definition
SER = SHR x D x V x K
ƒÞ SER is reaction potential
ƒÞ SHR is habit strength, measured in ¡¥habs¡¦
ħ 1 hab = 1% of maximum
ƒß ¡§Habit strength is the tendency of a
stimulus trace to evoke an associated
response¡¨
ƒÞ D is drive level
ƒÞ V is stimulus intensity
ƒÞ K is incentive value
Term
Turing Test
Definition
Can one distinguish machine from human behavior?
Term
Alan Turing
Definition
Proposed 'Universal Machine'
Term
John von Neumann
Definition
1st electronic computation device with stored programming, EDVAC, ENIAC
Term
Information Theory
Definition
Two important aspects: information measurement and information processing
Term
George Miller
Definition
The magical number 7 plus or minus 2
Term
Franciscus Donders
Definition
Theory of mental responding, three tasks (simple RT, Go/NoGo RT, Choice RT), Task components (Perception, Identification, Response Selection, Response Execution), Subtraction method
Term
Additive Factors Theory
Definition
Saul Sternberg, based on Donders, scanning short-term memory, search is sequential and exaustive
Term
Neisser
Definition
cognitive psychology, fully formed new approach to psychology
Term
Chronometric Explorations of Mind
Definition
Michael Posner
Term
FAther of mental testing
Definition
Galton
Term
Sir Francis Galton
Definition
whenever you can, count; Anthropometrics; champion of the eugenics movement
Term
Symptom Taxonomy
Definition
Kraepelin, Clusters of symptoms = syndromes, prognosis of given symptoms, basis for determining cause and remidiation, dementia praecox (non-elderly)
Term
Exogenous etiology
Definition
cureable
Term
endogenous etiology
Definition
incurable
Term
exogenous dementia praecox
Definition
paranoid, manic depressive
Term
endogenous dementia praecox
Definition
hebephrenic, catatonic
Term
Binet
Definition
first psychology lab in France, tests to separate normal for 'educationally refractory' children
Term
Goddard
Definition
Tests of elementary school
ħ Rate of tapping, judgment of line length
distinguished very bright from very dull
ħ No other associations
ƒÞ Brought Binet¡¦s tests to US (as Simon-Binet)
ħ Vineland Institute for Backward Children, NJ,
1909
Term
Terman
Definition
Longitudinal study of exceptional children
Term
Witmer's journals
Definition
Psychological Clinic, Clinical psychology
Term
Witmer’s Clinical Psychology
Definition
 Four points of applied psychology
 (1) Investigate phenomena of mental/moral retardation
 (2) Clinic for treatment of children
 Practical internships, training programs for
 (3) Medicine, teachers, social workers
 (4) Psychological expert
Term
Psychometrics in World War I (including tests developed and results)
Definition
Need for assessment of troops (assignments,
deployment, intelligence)
 Robert Yerkes (APA President) & Cattell
organized psychologists to serve in mental testing
ƒÞ Tests Developed:
ħ Army Alpha: following directions, arithmetic,
synonyms & antonyms
ħ Army Beta (for non-English literates)
ħ Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (psychoneurotic
inventory)
Results „³ growth of psychometrics and societal inequities
Term
Woodworth personal data sheet
Definition
ħ 1st psychoneurotic
inventory
ħ First objective
personality test (screen
soldiers as fit for duty)
Term
Hollingworth
Definition
pushed for certification of clinical psychologists
Term
Psychotherapy begins: three sources
Definition
1. Freud¡¦s Descendants
ħ Jung and his students, Alfred Adler, Otto Rank
ħ Hormic Psychology (refers to innate drives and motivations)
2. Social Relation Psychologists ¡V Individual Differences
ħ Kurt Lewin (topology, life space)
ƒÞ Social context influences in
ħ Gordon Alport (schemas as neuropsychic systems)
ƒÞ Individual schemas affect social relations
3. Psychologists in Education / Neurological settings
ħ Including Carl Rogers
ħ Most outside of APA
Term
Intersociety Convention in 1943
Definition
ħ Lead by David Shakow and Robert Yerkes
ħ Suggested unification under APA
ħ Changes to membership regulations
ƒÞ PhD. OR Prior Associate Membership
ƒÞ Research publication OR 4 years professional experience
ƒÞ New associate membership for < PhD but working in psychology
ħ Purpose of APA: To advance the science and practice of psychology
Term
Boulder Conference
Definition
ħ Provide standards for training clinical psychologists
ƒÞ Clinical Psychologists to
ƒß Be Scientist ¡V Practitioners
ħ Equal training in Science and Clinical Practice
ħ Receive the PhD
ħ Specialize in Post-Doctoral Training
Term
Training of clinical psychologists
Definition
ƒÞ Clinical Training Includes
ħ Observation
ħ Interviewing
ħ Objective Testing
ħ Projective Procedures
ħ Case Integration for Treatment and Research
ħ Therapy / Remediation
ħ Research Techniques (Utilizing Data from Treatment)
ƒÞ Recommend: Integration of coursework with practical
experience
ƒÞ Complete psychotherapy training with extended postdoctoral
experience.
Term
core areas of clinical psychology training
Definition
ħ Systems (the history of approaches to psychology)
ħ Human Physiology (Biological Psychology)
ħ Experimental Psychology
ħ Social Relations
ħ Research Training
ƒÞ Including clinical research methodology
ħ Individual Differences
ƒÞ Psychopathology, Personality, Personality Assessment
ħ Psychotherapy and Clinical Medicine (incl. Practical Experience and
working with other professionals and community resources
Term
Chicago Conference – 1965
Definition
Re-emphasized Ph.D., scientist-practitioner model
Term
Vail Conference – 1973
Definition
Professional model focused on direct delivery of services (parallel to
MD training)
ħ Emphasized delivery to diverse populations
ħ Degrees included Psy.D.
ƒÞ Training to include early exposure to service delivery
ƒÞ MA-level certification for
ħ School Psych, Industrial Psych, Sports Psych, et.
ƒÞ Much of the content and focus of current CoA policies reflects
priorities of Vail.
ƒÞ Critics of Vail: devaluation of scientific content
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