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History and Context of Biological Control
part of Module 1: Intro to Ecology
35
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
01/18/2017

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Term
biological control
Definition
The action of predators, parasites, and pathogens to reduce the population of another organism to levels lower than would occur in their absence
Term
some pest management options
Definition
-Tolerate damage
-Chemically-based approaches
-Biologically based approaches
Term
some biologically based approaches to pest management
Definition
-Biological control (natural or manipulated)
-Host plant resistance
-Cultural controls
-Pheromones
-Genetic techniques
Term
how biological control has been influenced by other factors
Definition
Advances in the sciences are couched in the social and historical contexts of the era, which are shaped by the philosophical, religious, and sociological settings. The development of biological control has been influenced by all of these things, and the growth of systematics, knowledge of natural history, and ecology.
Term
depiction of the interaction of factors in the history of biological control
Definition
[image]
Term
an example of early biological control
Definition
We know from Chinese records that ants were used in citrus production in southern China as early as 200 BC, and these same ants are still used today. Growers still use bamboo rods to create bridges between trees to allow ants to forage away from their nests in the trees.
Term
Mynah bird in biological control
Definition
Mynah birds were moved from India to Mauritius in 1762 to help control locusts (migratory grasshoppers), and they established and were fairly successful.
Term
2 animals that were intended to be used for pest control, but became pests themselves
Definition
-cane toad (to control insects)
-mongoose (to control insects and other pests)
Term
when were lady beetles recognized as a means of biological control for their consumption of aphids?
Definition
the Middle Ages
Term
some early observations of parasitism
Definition
-1602: the naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi described wasps emerging from larvae of the sulfur butterfly, Pieris rapae
-1662: the illustrator Jan Goedart, who was noted for his insect images, illustrated small chalcid wasps emerging from a butterfly pupa
Term
when ideas of population ecology began to develop
Definition
late 18th century
Term
Thomas Malthus's contribution to the idea of biological control
Definition
Population growth and suppression
Term
Erasmus Darwin's contribution to the idea of biological control
Definition
Suggests use of natural enemies for control of pests
Term
Kirby and Spence's contribution to the idea of biological control
Definition
In England in 1815, Kirby and Spence described the value of biological control in their 4-volume “Textbook of Entomology”, which was an early and authoritative work.
Term
2 Americans that advocated the use of biological control
Definition
-Asa Fitch in New York
-Benjamin Walsh in Illinois
Term
how Asa Fitch advocated biological control
Definition
by encouraging wheat growers to allow natural enemies to help them control Hessian fly
Term
how Benjamin Walsh advocated biological control
Definition
by advocating for growers to stop trusting con artists and instead have more faith in nature
Term
the person who is considered the father of biological control and why
Definition
Charles Valentine Riley because of his many significant activities in the field
Term
the contributions of Charles Valentine Riley to biological control
Definition
-Discovered relationship between yucca moth and yucca plants
-Published >2400 articles
-Taxonomist, natural historian
-First US Government Entomologist
-arranged to have predatory mites sent to France to help control grape phylloxera, which was devastating the wine industry (1873)
-Moved parasites of a weevil to new areas in Missouri (1870)
-Key player in importation of Cotesia (=Apanteles) glomeratus into US from to control the imported cabbageworm Europe (1883)
Term
The big story that triggered the growth of biological control revolved around...
Definition
the cottony cushion scale, a serious pest of citrus
Term
The Cottony-Cushion Scale Crisis
Definition
Serious outbreaks in 1888 threatening fledgling California citrus industry
Term
how C.V. Riley, Albert Koebele, and D.W. Coquillett acted against the Cottony-Cushion Scale Crisis
Definition
Riley was able to obtain $2,000 supposedly to send Koebele to Australia to participate in an international exposition in Melbourne. Koebele went to Australia, but didn’t go to the expo. Instead he spent his time looking for natural enemies of the cottony-cushion scale, and sent them back to Coquillett, who immediately began rearing them.
Term
2 species that were collected by Koebele to counteract the Cottony-Cushion Scale Crisis
Definition
-a tiny parasitic fly named Cryptochaetum iceryae -a specialist predatory lady beetle, Rodolia cardinalis, or the vedalia beetle
Term
when Cottony-Cushion Scale became a serious problem again and why
Definition
1940's due to DDT
Term
how biological control got going at the Federal level
Definition
At the federal level, Leland O. Howard set up a lab in Connecticut to introduce natural enemies against an exotic pest, the gypsy moth. Harry Smith left federal employment at the gypsy moth lab and moved to California in 1913, where he set up the first dedicated biological control program in the United States. This program, moved to Riverside in 1923, was the core for biological control in the United States until the 1960s. Smith also coined the term “biological control” in 1919.
Term
this triggered interest in biological control of weeds
Definition
Hugely successful control of Opuntia in Australia with Cactoblastis cactorum (1920’s)
Term
this pushed biological control into the background
Definition
The emergence of cheap and effective pesticides in the 1940s and 1950s
Term
this led to something of a re-emergence of biological control as a practical and viable approach for pest management
Definition
-the book "Silent Spring"
-the emergence of the IPM concept
Term
some Biological Control Organizations
Definition
-IOBC/OILB: International Organization for Biological Control
-CIBC: Commonwealth Institute for Biological Control
-CAB: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau
Term
depiction of the status of IPM today
Definition
[image]
Term
in IPM, degree to which any one tactic is used will vary with...
Definition
cropping system and socioeconmic constraints
Term
Harmonia axyridis
Definition
Asian multi-colored ladybeetle (our first bug of the day)
Term
what Harmonia axyridis (Asian multi-colored ladybeetle) is believed to have displaced and why
Definition
It is believed to have displaced some native lady beetle species because of its aggressive nature.
Term
[image]
Definition
larval stage of Harmonia axyridis (Asian multi-colored ladybeetle)
Term
[image]
Definition
adult stage of Harmonia axyridis (Asian multi-colored ladybeetle)
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