Term
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Definition
| The action of predators, parasites, and pathogens to reduce the population of another organism to levels lower than would occur in their absence |
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Term
| some pest management options |
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Definition
-Tolerate damage
-Chemically-based approaches
-Biologically based approaches |
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Term
| some biologically based approaches to pest management |
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Definition
-Biological control (natural or manipulated)
-Host plant resistance
-Cultural controls
-Pheromones
-Genetic techniques |
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Term
| how biological control has been influenced by other factors |
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Definition
| Advances in the sciences are couched in the social and historical contexts of the era, which are shaped by the philosophical, religious, and sociological settings. The development of biological control has been influenced by all of these things, and the growth of systematics, knowledge of natural history, and ecology. |
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Term
| depiction of the interaction of factors in the history of biological control |
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Definition
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Term
| an example of early biological control |
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Definition
| We know from Chinese records that ants were used in citrus production in southern China as early as 200 BC, and these same ants are still used today. Growers still use bamboo rods to create bridges between trees to allow ants to forage away from their nests in the trees. |
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Term
| Mynah bird in biological control |
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Definition
| Mynah birds were moved from India to Mauritius in 1762 to help control locusts (migratory grasshoppers), and they established and were fairly successful. |
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Term
| 2 animals that were intended to be used for pest control, but became pests themselves |
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Definition
-cane toad (to control insects)
-mongoose (to control insects and other pests) |
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Term
| when were lady beetles recognized as a means of biological control for their consumption of aphids? |
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Definition
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Term
| some early observations of parasitism |
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Definition
-1602: the naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi described wasps emerging from larvae of the sulfur butterfly, Pieris rapae
-1662: the illustrator Jan Goedart, who was noted for his insect images, illustrated small chalcid wasps emerging from a butterfly pupa |
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Term
| when ideas of population ecology began to develop |
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Definition
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Term
| Thomas Malthus's contribution to the idea of biological control |
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Definition
| Population growth and suppression |
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Term
| Erasmus Darwin's contribution to the idea of biological control |
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Definition
| Suggests use of natural enemies for control of pests |
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Term
| Kirby and Spence's contribution to the idea of biological control |
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Definition
| In England in 1815, Kirby and Spence described the value of biological control in their 4-volume “Textbook of Entomology”, which was an early and authoritative work. |
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Term
| 2 Americans that advocated the use of biological control |
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Definition
-Asa Fitch in New York
-Benjamin Walsh in Illinois |
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Term
| how Asa Fitch advocated biological control |
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Definition
| by encouraging wheat growers to allow natural enemies to help them control Hessian fly |
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Term
| how Benjamin Walsh advocated biological control |
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Definition
| by advocating for growers to stop trusting con artists and instead have more faith in nature |
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Term
| the person who is considered the father of biological control and why |
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Definition
| Charles Valentine Riley because of his many significant activities in the field |
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Term
| the contributions of Charles Valentine Riley to biological control |
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Definition
-Discovered relationship between yucca moth and yucca plants
-Published >2400 articles
-Taxonomist, natural historian
-First US Government Entomologist
-arranged to have predatory mites sent to France to help control grape phylloxera, which was devastating the wine industry (1873)
-Moved parasites of a weevil to new areas in Missouri (1870)
-Key player in importation of Cotesia (=Apanteles) glomeratus into US from to control the imported cabbageworm Europe (1883) |
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Term
| The big story that triggered the growth of biological control revolved around... |
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Definition
| the cottony cushion scale, a serious pest of citrus |
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Term
| The Cottony-Cushion Scale Crisis |
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Definition
| Serious outbreaks in 1888 threatening fledgling California citrus industry |
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Term
| how C.V. Riley, Albert Koebele, and D.W. Coquillett acted against the Cottony-Cushion Scale Crisis |
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Definition
| Riley was able to obtain $2,000 supposedly to send Koebele to Australia to participate in an international exposition in Melbourne. Koebele went to Australia, but didn’t go to the expo. Instead he spent his time looking for natural enemies of the cottony-cushion scale, and sent them back to Coquillett, who immediately began rearing them. |
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Term
| 2 species that were collected by Koebele to counteract the Cottony-Cushion Scale Crisis |
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Definition
| -a tiny parasitic fly named Cryptochaetum iceryae
-a specialist predatory lady beetle, Rodolia cardinalis, or the vedalia beetle |
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Term
| when Cottony-Cushion Scale became a serious problem again and why |
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Definition
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Term
| how biological control got going at the Federal level |
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Definition
| At the federal level, Leland O. Howard set up a lab in Connecticut to introduce natural enemies against an exotic pest, the gypsy moth. Harry Smith left federal employment at the gypsy moth lab and moved to California in 1913, where he set up the first dedicated biological control program in the United States. This program, moved to Riverside in 1923, was the core for biological control in the United States until the 1960s. Smith also coined the term “biological control” in 1919. |
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Term
| this triggered interest in biological control of weeds |
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Definition
| Hugely successful control of Opuntia in Australia with Cactoblastis cactorum (1920’s) |
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Term
| this pushed biological control into the background |
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Definition
| The emergence of cheap and effective pesticides in the 1940s and 1950s |
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Term
| this led to something of a re-emergence of biological control as a practical and viable approach for pest management |
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Definition
-the book "Silent Spring"
-the emergence of the IPM concept |
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Term
| some Biological Control Organizations |
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Definition
-IOBC/OILB: International Organization for Biological Control
-CIBC: Commonwealth Institute for Biological Control
-CAB: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau |
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Term
| depiction of the status of IPM today |
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Definition
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Term
| in IPM, degree to which any one tactic is used will vary with... |
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Definition
| cropping system and socioeconmic constraints |
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Term
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Definition
| Asian multi-colored ladybeetle (our first bug of the day) |
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Term
| what Harmonia axyridis (Asian multi-colored ladybeetle) is believed to have displaced and why |
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Definition
| It is believed to have displaced some native lady beetle species because of its aggressive nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| larval stage of Harmonia axyridis (Asian multi-colored ladybeetle) |
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Term
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Definition
| adult stage of Harmonia axyridis (Asian multi-colored ladybeetle) |
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