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| an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind |
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| a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish |
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| Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany. |
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| Edward Bradford Titchener |
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| Used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements |
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| William James and Mary Whiton Calkins |
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| James, legendary teacher-writer, mentored Calkins, who became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the Amercan Psychological Association. |
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| the first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D., Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in the Animal Mind |
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| the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |
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| historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth |
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| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition(including perception, thinking, memory and language) |
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| His controversial ideas have influenced humanity's self -understanding. He was a theorist and a therapist. |
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| John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner |
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| Working with Rayner, Watson championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as "Little Albert" |
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| A leading behaviorist, skinner rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior |
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| Argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies |
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| the science of behavior and mental processes |
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| the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. |
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| the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
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| this integrated viewpoint incorporates various levels of analysis and offers a more complete picture of any given behavior or mental process |
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| the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |
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| pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. |
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| scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
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| a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |
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| a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. |
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| a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. |
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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it .(Also known as the I-knew -it-all-along phenomenon) |
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| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assessses conclusions |
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| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
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| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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| a statement of the procedures(operations) used to define research variables. for example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. |
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| a self-correcting process for asking questions and observing nature's answers |
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| all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn . |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. |
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| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulte and control the situation. |
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| a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
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| a statistical index of the relationship between two things(from -1 to +1) |
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| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation(little scatter indicates high correlation). |
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| the perception of a relationship where non exists. |
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| a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors(independent variables)to observe the effect some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors. |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups. |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant(blind)about where whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.commonly used in drug-evaluation studies |
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| experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent |
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| in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable |
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| in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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| the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. |
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| the outcome factor;the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
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| the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution |
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| the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing the scores and then dividing by the number of scores |
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| the middle score in a distribution;half of the scores are above it and half are below it. |
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| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| a computed measure of how scores vary around the mean score |
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| (normal distribution) a symmetrical;bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean(68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes |
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| a statistical statement og how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. |
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| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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