Term
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Definition
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Definition
| sum total of Christian belief |
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Term
| Why is theology important? |
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Definition
helps us find our identity
affects our thinking and life |
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Term
| C.S. Lewis wrote this work in an effort to show his support of "Historic Christian Belief" |
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Definition
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| "Historic Christian Belief" |
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Definition
| A consensus within rich diversity that emerges from the 2,000-yr history of the church; that faith that has been believed everywher, always, by all |
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| If it could not be verified through an empirical process of inference from evidence to conclusion, it is not knowledge. Therefore, God cannot be known. |
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Definition
| Knowledge is inseparably linked w/ faith and includes realities that are beyond empirical proof (revelation). |
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| Origin of the term "revelation" |
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Definition
| Greek words, "apokalupsis" or "apokalupto" meaning "from hidden" |
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Definition
| God making himself known to the objects of that revelation |
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Term
| Why is the divine revelation necessary? |
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Definition
| We are finite and he is infinite, and we are sinful and he is holy. |
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Definition
| God making himself known in...creation and human beings. "God's communication of himself to all persons at all times and in all places" |
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| OUTWARD general revelation |
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Definition
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Definition
| conscience and judicial sentiment |
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Definition
| Moral faculty which judges my actions toward others; a fallible guide for evaluating one's own behavior |
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Definition
| sometimes condemns me for doing something which is not necessarily wrong |
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Definition
| Moral faculty which judges the acts of others toward me; an almost infallible guide for evaluating others' behavior; refuses to let others off the hook when they behave badly towards me; we are all guilty of this double standard |
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Term
| Moral Law- Law about Right and Wrong |
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Definition
| Conscience and judicial sentiment combined; the human idea of decent behavior (or what is fair) which is universally agreed. |
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Term
| Objection to Moral Law #1: It's just a herd instinct (the desire to help a drowning person) |
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Definition
| The Moral Law is not an instinct, but something that directs the instincts. |
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Term
| Objection to Moral Law #2: "It's just a social convention (taught by education)" |
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Definition
| The fact that we can say one set of moral values is better than the other indicates that there is a standard against which we measure them all. |
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Term
| Objection to Moral Law #3: "It's what benefits the society which in turn does good to me" |
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Definition
| The reason we think that we should do what benefits the society even if it is inconvenient to me is the existence of the Moral Law. |
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Term
| Universal _______ to keep Moral Law |
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Definition
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Term
| What can general revelation NOT do? |
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Definition
| give a saving knowledge of God |
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Term
| What can general revelation do? |
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Definition
| establish common ground for evangelism between believers and unbelievers; gives weight to the case for theism; displays God's grace; condemns sinful people "without excuse" |
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Term
| We are ______ before God for our choices and actions, and we are guilty before him by our own _____ _________. |
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Definition
| accountable; judicial sentiments |
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Term
| God is knowable, but people ______ the knowledge of God b/c God's holiness makes sinful human beings look bad by way of comparison. |
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Definition
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Term
| alternative worldview on creation: Greek philosophy |
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Definition
God and matter- two eternal, self-existent principles
Matter is intrinsically evil |
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Term
| Alternative worldview on creation: Pantheism |
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Definition
God is equal to all that is.
ALL is God. |
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Term
| Three heresies against Orthodoxy |
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Definition
Modalism (Sabellianism)
Arianism
Tritheism |
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Term
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Definition
God is one person NOT 3
1 person wearing different hats at different times
No self-existent love because he has no one else to love
Refute: Jesus' baptism, Jesus' prayers to Father?, Word with God at creation...
Homoousios |
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Term
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Definition
threatened existence of orthodoxy
Jesus is lesser "god" b/c he was created
Heteroousis |
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Term
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Definition
3 Gods NOT 1
Mormons believe
equality between gods? |
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Definition
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Definition
1. Unity of God
2. Deity of Jesus ("Immanuel")
3. Presence of God within his people (the indwelling of the Spirit) |
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Term
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Definition
| the list of books that provide a rule of faith and practice for Christians |
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Term
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Definition
| the earliest collection of written words of God |
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Term
| T/F- The canon grew through Israel's history. |
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Definition
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Term
| First addition came from Moses (OT Canon) |
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Definition
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Term
| The cosmological argument for existence of God |
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Definition
i) Unmoved Mover
ii) Efficient First Cause
iii) Necessary Being
iv) Most Perfect Cause |
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Definition
| based on 4 aspects of universe |
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Definition
| cosmological; movement has cause outside of itself |
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Definition
| cosmological; God must be 1 NOT contingent |
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| Less beautiful existence comes from most perfect; cosmological argument |
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Definition
| mastermind behind the complexity, order, and purpose in world; Ex: watch |
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Term
| Ontological argument for existence of God |
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Definition
| philosophical; God is greatest possible being. By definition, God must exist. |
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Term
| Moral argument for existence of God |
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Definition
| sense of right/wrong in mind (C.S. Lewis) |
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Term
| True of False- The Trinity is completely revealed in the OT |
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Definition
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Definition
| Essential and inherent dimensions of God's very nature |
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Definition
| attributes that God does not share with others |
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Definition
| attributes that God shares with others |
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Definition
| attributes that God shares with others |
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Definition
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Term
| Immutability (Unchangeableness) |
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Definition
| Incommunicable attribute of God |
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Term
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Definition
| Incommunicable attribute of God |
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Definition
| incommunicable attribute of God |
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Definition
| Communicable attribute of God |
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Term
| Truthfulness/Faithfulness |
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Definition
| communicable attribute of God |
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Definition
| communicable attribute of God |
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Definition
| Communicable attribute of God |
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Definition
| Communicable attribute of God |
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Definition
| communicable attribute of God |
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Term
| righteousness,justice,wrath |
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Definition
| communicable attribute of God |
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Term
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Definition
| one of God's summary attributes (4 in all) |
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Term
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Definition
| one of God's summary attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| one of God's summary attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| one of God's summary attributes |
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Term
| God is outside of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
Used the word "hypostases" to refer to three persons.(to stand under).
Taught that the Son and the Holy Spirit are inferior to the Father. |
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Definition
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Term
| This man was condemned as a heretic. (believed in subordination in Trinity) |
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Definition
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Term
| These men introduced the concept of perichoresis (Father, Son, Spirit mutually indwelling one another) |
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Definition
| Cappadocian Fathers (Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus) |
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Term
| highest development of understanding Trinity- defend oneness of 3 persons |
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Definition
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Term
| affirmed the eternal generation of the Son (against modalism), referred to both the Son and the Spirit as homoousis and consubstantial with the Father (against Arianism) |
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Definition
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| great defender of deity of Son |
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Definition
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Term
| first to apply Latin word trinitas to God and to develop the formula of one substance and three persons. also used sun analogy. |
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Definition
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Term
| supported unity and diversity within the Godhead |
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Definition
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Term
| Dialectical Materialism (Marxism) |
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Definition
Matter is eternal, NO God
Communism or classless society is the goal of history- athiestic |
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Term
| Atheistic evolutionism (Darwinism) |
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Definition
No purpose or goal in history
Everything happened by chance
Nothing eternal, no goal |
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Term
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Definition
| Inspiration as a high degree of insight (same as poetry/lit)- minimal involvement of the divine author |
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Term
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Definition
| Inspiration as an influence of the Holy Spirit upon the biblical authors in increasing spiritual perceptivity but no special communication of the truth; Holy Spirit is active; not different than any other Christian writing |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasis on the combination of divine and human elements in the process of inspiration- dual authorship- cooperation between divine and human |
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Term
| causes for modern attacks on the doctrine of inspiration (from within the church) |
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Definition
1. a general antisupernatural attitude
2. advent of biblical criticism
3. Focus on Human fallible contribution |
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Term
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Definition
| Each word is the exact word God wants used at that point to express the message. Every word of author was word God intended. Human authors had purposes : Holy Spirit guided. |
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Term
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Definition
| God dictated the Bible to the writers. State of ecstasy; author: pen, NO role; write down God's words through voice; Dictation- minimal involvement of human author |
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Term
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Definition
| Intuition-Illumination-Dynamic-Verbal-Dictation |
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Term
| Which two inspiration views were accepted? |
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Definition
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Term
| overwhelming consensus about Bible |
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Definition
| Scripture is the Word of God |
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Definition
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Definition
| full inspiration; not just part but ALL Scripture |
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Definition
| Word; Every word of Scripture is inspired by God; NOT dictation theory; analogous to Christ the Word who became flesh; divine/human = inspiration and Jesus/Word/authorship |
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Term
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Definition
| God-breathed; reflects creative activity of God; (of divine origin); in contrast to the "commandments of the people" |
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Term
| Paul says "All Scripture" is inspired by God which includes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is all scripture profitable for? |
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Definition
teaching
reproof
correction
training in righteousness |
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Term
| Christian's rule of faith and practice |
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Definition
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Term
| How are we to be "competent, equipped for every good work"? |
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Definition
sufficiency of Scripture
Necessity of the Holy Spirit
Scripture is our Guide for discerning truth |
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Term
| Karl Barth's View on inspiration of Scripture |
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Definition
JC= ONLY revelation from God
Revelation="the person of God who reveals himself when we encounter the risen Jesus"
Scripture is ONLY a WITNESS of divine revelation. NO general revelation; no confidence in human authors; overreacted to liberal theology; NeoOrthodox View |
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Term
| Acts of God in History View of Inspiration |
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Definition
The Bible is only a witness to past saving acts of God, NOT divine revelation.
The Bible as human impressions of the meaning and significance of God's saving acts in history.
Therefore, we cannot truly know what happened b/c Bible is a record of fallible human authors of how God acted in history. Distorted. |
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Term
| Partial-Inspiration Theory |
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Definition
distinguishes words of biblical authors and the Word of God
Only the statements concerning spiritual matters are inspired and true.
Matters of history and science may be false (ex:numbers). |
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Term
| overreacted to liberalism which held that man is in harmony with God (rejected sinfulness) |
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Definition
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Term
| fails to see God's acts in and through human agents (rejects Holy Spirit's role) |
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Definition
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Term
| a compromise with challenging passages (not inspired) |
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Definition
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Term
| view of Jesus toward the Scripture |
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Definition
| Verbal, plenary inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Bible intends to provide exact scientific and historical data; takes into account different types of genre (poetry/parables); goes with dictation theory |
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Term
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Definition
| – inerrant in only bringing people to Christ- full of all kinds of errors otherwise |
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Term
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Definition
| - inerrant in doctrinal/spiritual truth NOT in scientific/historical refs/truth (goes with partial inspiration) |
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Term
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Definition
| view of Historic Christian Belief; Bible is completely true but refs to scientific and historical data are not necessarily exact but rather general (report with human eyes) approximations |
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Term
| Doctrinal approach to inerrancy |
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Definition
Bible is inspired Word of God therefore it is inerrant
Problem: refuses to explain challenging data |
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Term
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Definition
| acknowledge errors, opposite of doctrinal approach |
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Term
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Definition
| harmonize differences (conflicting passages and suggest solutions); takes both passages and joins or comes up with explanation; problem- not always plausible |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts a solution, does not force premature resolution when relevant data is not yet available; problems- do not have all the answers; other meanings could be found; view of Historic Christian Belief (common sense) |
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Term
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Definition
Bible is fully truthful in all that it affirms not all that it states
Bible contains reports of statements made without divine inspiration
When evaluating the truthfulness of Scripture, the cultural settings in which the statements were made should be considered (context)
Reports of historical events and scientific matters are in phenomenal rather than technical language |
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Term
| Princeton Formulation of Inerrancy |
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Definition
1. God’s “superintendence” did not compromise creaturely freedom.
2. The apparent contradictions and errors in the Bible may be due to the imperfect copies, loss of an original reading, failure to find adequate data, being blinded by our presuppositions.
3. It is the communication that is inspired. The authors were not omniscient or infallible.
4. The claims of inerrancy is that “in all their real affirmations these books are without error”. |
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Term
| Formulated in October 1978 by more than 200 evangelical leaders at a conference held in Chicago. Statement was designed to defend the position of biblical inerrancy against liberal conceptions of Scripture |
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Definition
| Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy |
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Term
| Why is inerrancy important? |
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Definition
Theological
Historical
Epistemological (doctrine of knowing- HOW we know what we know) |
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Term
| Allegorical interpretation |
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Definition
| - A system of interpretation which sees everything in the Bible as ALLEGORY (Story) |
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Term
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Definition
| literary device employing narrative, an extended metaphor, figurative speech, to convey one idea under the surface of another (used by Biblical authors) |
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Term
| Roots of Allegorical interpretation |
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Definition
| Greek philosophical dualism: spirit=good; matter=evil; real meaning behind historical events and realities |
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Term
| proponents of allegorical interpretation |
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Definition
| Marcion, Origen, Alexandrian School |
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Term
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Definition
2 different gods in OT and NT
Eliminate Jewish elements
1st to attempt to canonize Scripture |
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Term
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Definition
| Alexandria; solve problem of cruel God in OT by allegorical/spiritual interpretation |
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Term
| allegorical interpretation laid foundations for... |
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Definition
| Roman Catholic Church- only allowed to interpret Scripture (clergy w/ HS) |
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Term
| allegorical interpretation |
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Definition
| literal is not really what happened; for example, Euphrates NOT a river, means outflow of manners |
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Term
| problem with allegorical interpretation |
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Definition
| 2 interpreters come up with dif. interpretations |
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Term
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Definition
| what the biblical writers INTENDED to convey by ordinary usage of human language |
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Term
| Proponents of literal interpretation |
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Definition
| Lucian; Antiochean School; Protestants Reformation Fathers- ML |
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Term
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Definition
| If the plain sense makes sense, seek no other sense; allows for figures of speech; symbols/literary genre indicated in text (Revelation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bible written to common people, understandable to anyone; written long time ago to dif. culture; RECOVER general sense of meaning of words, phrases and concepts in ancient cultures |
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Term
| Historical-critical interpretation |
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Definition
- Enlightenment philosophy
- Miracles in Bible= myths
- Demythologization- kernels of truth found by peeling away husk of myths (Bultmann)
- Jesus= teacher/philosopher/preacher; myth of Human Savior; never divine; no resurrection; lives on in preaching of disciples |
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Term
| Problem with Historical-critical interpretation |
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Definition
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Term
| accepted by evangelical Christianity |
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Definition
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Term
| From Sittser, what was the church like back then during Roman empire... |
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Definition
- not afraid of death
- counter-culture: big impact without knowing
- faithful
- social welfare system |
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Term
| Pliny the Younger's PROBLEMS with Christianity |
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Definition
- economic nuisance
- political
- cultural- set themselves apart- poor
(ie. he felt threatened by this small group) |
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Term
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Definition
| right to command belief or action |
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Term
| validity of authority does or does not depend on recognition of it |
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Definition
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Term
| How does God primarily exercise his authority? |
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Definition
direct revelation (neoorthodox)
Church delegation (Catholic view)
Bible (evangelical) |
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Term
| How do we ultimately know the meaning and divine origin of the Bible? |
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Definition
- Church (RC view- leaders tell us proper meaning of Bible- infallible)
- Human Reason (rationalist)
- internal work of HS (evangelical- along with human reason; ultimately HS) |
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Term
| Why is the work of the HS necessary to understand and believe the Bible? |
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Definition
- God's transcendence and man's finiteness
- Human reason's inability to provide the certainty
- Man's sinfulness (not objective) |
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Term
| How does the HS enable the believer to understand and believe the Bible? |
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Definition
- spiritual darkness in world
- HS unveils spiritual eyes of believers
- HS guides believers into all truth
- HS convinces believers of all truth |
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Term
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Definition
- Bible= sole authority (objective)
- HS= sole authority (subjective)
- combination of Bible and HS- HS uses Bible to reveal truth |
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Term
| Historical authoritativeness |
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Definition
| biblical teaching abt what occurred and what the people were commmanded in biblical times (Old Covenant) |
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Term
| Normative authoritativeness- |
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Definition
| biblical teaching that is permanently binding on all generations (new Covenant) |
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Term
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Definition
"hidden"
accepted by Roman Catholic Church as canon
Jerome accepted in Latin Vulgate
NEVER accepted by Jews or early Christians |
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Term
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Definition
| Jesus’ promise to the apostles to enable them to write Scripture; final and ultimate revelation of God; NT apostles claimed authority equal to that of the OT prophets; some a part of OT canon- quotes |
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Term
| Factors in discerning NT Canon |
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Definition
Apostolicity
Orthodoxy
Universality |
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Term
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Definition
| apostolic writing/endorsement- eyewitnesses |
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Term
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Definition
| apostolic faith- conformity to rule of faith |
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Term
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Definition
| apostolic faith- conformity to rule of faith |
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Term
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Definition
| Catholicity; Perception of writing as "God- breathed" on part of overwhelming majority of believers |
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Term
| Church's official recognition of NT Canon (27 books universally accepted) |
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Definition
| third council of Carthage in AD 397 |
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Term
| seen as superior to other books by some- fails Orthodoxy- liberal |
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Definition
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Definition
1948- discovery at Qumran- confirmed accuracy of existing Hebrew MSS (before- earliest was AD 900) – reduce time gap by 1, 100 yrs
825-870 separate scrolls
ALL OT (besides Esther)
200 BC- written/copied by Essenes |
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Term
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Definition
If NT not reliable, OT isn’t either
If historicity of ancient writings are accepted, then NT is reliable
HOLY SPIRIT- CONSENSUS
Accuracy- more than 5,600 Greek MSS (manuscripts); current is 98-99% identical to original; 1-2% insignificant errors- no major Christian doctrines
Less than 100 yrs to reproduce all but 11 verses of NT |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| God Almighty (omnipotent, all-sufficient) |
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Term
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Definition
| God Most High (transcendent) |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| "the LORD" - keeps promises, didn't pronounce in reverence- Jews; keeps covenant, "I AM", self-existent one |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| (Abba) Daddy- intimate relationship |
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