Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Histology
Test 2
105
Science
Undergraduate 4
03/09/2010

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Blood
Definition
it is bright to dark red, viscous, 7% of body wt.
Term
What is the total vol of blood in an adult?
Definition
5 L
Term
What is blood?
Definition
It is a specialized CT composed of formed elements
Term
What are Formed Elements?
Definition
  • RBCs-erythrocytes
  • WBCs-leukocytes
  • Platelets-thrombocytes

(all are suspended in ECM called plasma)

Term
What are 4 functions of blood?
Definition
  1. delivery of nutrients and O2
  2. elimination of waste and CO2
  3. regulation of body temp.
  4. acid/base and osmotic balance
Term
What does the fluid portions of blood do?
Definition
it necessitates coagulation.
Term
What is coagulation facilitated by?
Definition
platelets and other solutes that chages blood from solid to a gel
Term
What happens when blood is centrifuged?
Definition
RBCs precipitate and are covered by a thin white layer(WBCs and platelets)=buffy coat
Term
What is plasma and what does it do?
Definition
  • it is the yellowish fluid portion of blood
  • during coagulation the cells and other components are integrated into clot
Term
What is serum?
Definition
it is the straw-colored remaining fluid after clotting
Term

What are Erythrocytes?
Definition
  • biconcave disks
  • shape provides surface area which enhances gas exchange
  • flat in the middle due to as RBCs mature the expel the nucleus and some organelles
  • stain salmon to pink
  • avg. life span is 120 days and then destroyed in the spleen, marrow, and liver

 

Term

What are leukocytes?

 

Definition
  • do not function in blood stream, they travel from different sites in the body to site for specific function
  • when they reach destination, they leave blood and enter tissue by migration through endothelial cells of BV

 

Term
What is the migration of WBCs  into tissue called?
Definition
diapedisis or transendothelial migration
Term
What are 2 groups of WBCs?
Definition
  1. Granulocytes-presence of granules
  2. Agranulocyes-no granules
Term
What are some types of granulocytes and agranulocytes?
Definition
  1. granulocytes-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
  2. agranulocytes-lymphocytes, monocytes

 

Term
What are neutrophils?
Definition
  • polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
  • have a multilobed nucleus
  • lobes are connected by thin chromatin threads

[image]

Term
What are some functions of neutrophils?
Definition
  • migrate to site of infection
  • at the site of infection they are phagocytic and release hydrolytic enzymes
  • assist in inflammatory process
Term
What are eosinophils?
Definition
  • sausage shaped, bi-lobed nucleus
  • lobes are connected by a chromatin thread

[image]

Term
What are some functions of eosinophils?
Definition
  • destruction of parasitic worms
  • hydrolysis of antigen-antibody complexes(allergic response)
Term
What are basophils?
Definition
  • they have an S-shaped nucleus
  • nucleus is masked by large cytoplasmic granules

[image]

Term
What are some functions of basophils?
Definition
  • they attract leukocytes to site of infection
Term
CC of basophils
Definition

 

anaphalactic shock-comes from a second exposure to antigen

  • large # of basophils degranulate which causes vasodialation which then causes circulatory shock
  • smooth m. of respiratory sys constricts=respiratory shock
Term
What are monocytes?
Definition
  • largest of circulatory cells
  • large, kidney shaped nucleus with a bubbley appearance
  • stay in circulation for a few days then migrate into the tissue and become macrophages

[image]

Term
What are some functions of macrophages?
Definition
  • phagocytose dead or defunct cells and antigens
  • produce cytokine which activate inflammatory response and stimulate expansion of other immune cells
  • also fuse together to form "giant" cells, this makes them large enough to phagocytose very large cells
Term
What are lymphocytes?
Definition
  • they are a little larger than RBCs
  • nucleus slightly indented and takes up most of cell

[image]

Term
What are 3 categories of lymphocytes?
Definition
  1. T-cells
  2. B-cells
  3. NK-cells
Term
What are platelets?
Definition
  • small, disk shaped(slightly irregular)
  • non-nuclear fragment from megakaryocytes in bone-marrow
  • functions to limit gemorrage to endothelial lining of vessels in injury situations
  • they aggregate and participate in blood clotting

 

Term
What is bone marrow?
Definition
  • soft, gelatinous, highly vasular
  • highly cellular-responsible for blood cell production(hematopoesis)
  • 5% of body weight
Term
What are 2 types of bone marrow?
Definition
  1. Red-has a greater # of RBCs and is found in newborns
  2. Yellow-has a greater amount of adipose and is found mostly in adults
Term
What is nervous tissue?
Definition
  • est. a trillion neurons
  • there are receptors on the terminal ends of neurons which transduce signals to higher centers for perception and motor response
Term
How is the nervous system organized?
Definition

CNS(central)-brain and spinal cord

PNS(peripheral)-cranial nerves from brain, spinal nerves from spinal cord, associated ganglia

Term
What are 2 functional aspects of the NS?
Definition
  1. Sensory(afferent)- receives and transmits signal to CNS
  2. Motor(efferent)- originates in CNS and transmits to effector organs
Term
What are 2 subdivisions of the Motor?
Definition
  1. somatic - neurons to muscles
  2. autonomic - neurons to ganglia to cardiac and smooth m. and glands
Term
CC of NS
Definition

Abnormal organogenisis of NS results in congenital defects:

  1. Spina Bifida - defective closure of spinal column
  2. Anencephaly - failure of the anterior neuropore to close(leads to poorly formed brain and absent cranial vault)
  3. Epilepsy - abnormal migration of brain cortical cells which disrupts neuron function
Term
What are the 2 categories of cells of the NS?
Definition
  1. neurons - receptive, integrated, motor functions, size range 5-150 µm
  2. neuroglial cells - support and protect neurons
Term
What are 3 parts of the neuron?
Definition
  1. axon
  2. cell body(soma)
  3. dendrites

[image]

Term
2. neuron cell body(soma)
Definition
  • large, spherical, centrally located
  • has well defined nucleus with nucleolus and nissel bodies(contain ER and polyribosomes)
  • have neurofibrils-cytoskeleton
Term
3. dendrites
Definition
  • sensory terminals
  • branch from cell body
  • some have spines on surface which are related to sensory selectivity and control
Term
What is the significance of spines on dendrites?
Definition

they diminsh with age and poor nutrition and exibit structural changes=trisomy 13 & 21

13-Patay's syndrome

21-Down's syndrome

 

 

Term
1. Axon
Definition
  • arise from soma at the "hillock"
  • single thin process; longer than dendrites
  • some are mylinated or unmylinated
  • transport molecules back and forth from nucleus of neuron (enzymes, proteins, viruses)
Term
What is a myelin sheath?
Definition
  1. myelin sheath-formed by neuroglia(shwann)cells that surround axon which make the impulse faster
  2. mylinated=white matter
  3. unmylinated=gray matter
Term
What are 4 classes of neurons?
Definition

There are 4 types based on shape and arrangement of the processes.

  1. unipolar
  2. bipolar
  3. pseudounipolar
  4. multipolar
Term
1. unipolar
Definition
single process; rare in vertebrates exept in embryonic development
Term
2. bipolar
Definition
single dendrite and single axon; seen in vestibular/cochlear ganglia and in olfactory epithelium
Term
3. pseudounipolar
Definition
one process but branches; found in dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia
Term
4. multipolar
Definition
most common; single axon and multiple dendrites
Term
What are neuroglial cells?
Definition
  • provide mechanical/metabolic support/protection for neurons
  • do not propigate or react to nerve impulses
Term
What are 4 types of neuroglial cells of the CNS?
Definition
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. microglial
  4. ependymal cells

 

Term
1. astrocytes
Definition
largest; scavangers, energy storers and assist in BBB
Term
2. oligodendrocytes
Definition
manufacture/ maintain myelin(shwann cells)
Term
3. microglial
Definition
function as phagocytes to clear debris
Term
4. ependymal cells
Definition
epithelium lining central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain, found in choroid plexus where spinal fluid is generated
Term
What are the Nodes of Ranvier?
Definition
  • interfaces b/w myelin sheaths of 2 schwann cells
  • exist along axons

[image]

Term

CC of myelin

Multiple Sclerosis

Definition
  • affects myelin - 1.5x more common in females
  • demylination occurs which causes random episodes of inflammation and edema which can go into remission for months/yrs
  • each episode jeopardizes vitality
  • autoimmune disease
  • treat with corticosteroids
Term
What are peripheral nerves?
Definition
  • bundles of axons surrounded by vestments
  1. bundles are called fascicles
  2. vestments are the epi-, peri-, and endoneurium

 

Term

What is the CNS?

 

Definition
  • brain + spinal cord
  • Has gray/white matter


Term

Gray matter

 

Definition
  • has unmyelinated axons, aggregations of neurons, neurogial cells
  • Located in cortex of cerebellum and cerebrum
Term
White Matter
Definition

  • is mostly mylinated nerve fibers
  • White matter lies deep to cortex
  • The reverse is  true in spinal cord- white matter is at periphery

 

Term

What are the CT coverings of the Brain?

 

Definition
  • Collectively called the meninges
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater

[image]

Term
1. Dura mater
Definition

dense CT (outer)

Term

2. Arachnoid mater

 

Definition
avascular though vessels run through it (intermediate)
Term

3. Pia mater

 

Definition
intimately associated w/ brain (innermost)
Term

What is the Choroid Plexus?

Definition
  • folds of pia mater, abundant capillaries, and extend into brain ventricles
  • Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)


Term

What is the cerebral cortex?

Definition
  •  gray matter folded in the gyri and sulci
  •  Learning, memory, info analysis, motor response, integration of sensory signals
  • has 6 layers
Term

What is the Cerebellar cortex and how many layers does it have?

 

Definition
  • gray matter at the periphery of the cerebellum
  • responsible for balance/equilibrium, muscle tone, coordination of skeletal muscle
  • Has 3 layers
  1. Molecular layer
  2. Purkinje layer
  3. Granule layer
Term

The Circulatory system- 2 separate but related systems


 

Definition

1. cardiovascular- two way (to/from the heart), carries blood between heart and tissue

2.lymphatic vascular- one way (to heart), collects lymph and deposits it in the cardiovascular system

lymph- extracellular tissue fluid

Term

What are 4 types of Circuits?


 

Definition
  1. Pulmonary circuit- to lungs
  2. Systemic circuit- to body
  3. Arteries/capillaries- away from heart
  4. Veins- to heart
Term

What are some defining features of blood vessels?

 

Definition
  • varies by location
  • diameter varies by location
  • arteries' walls thicker than veins
  • arteries look round, but veins look mis-shapen
  • lymph vessels resemble veins

 

Term

What are the 3 Blood Vessel layers?

 

Definition

They are called tunics.

  1. Tunica intima- inner (endothelium)
  2. Tunica media- middle (smooth muscle)
  3. Tunica adventitia- outer (elastic CT)

a)Tunica adventitia = serosa (refers to the outer covering  in organs) NOT INTERCHANGABLE


Term
What is the Vasa vasorum?
Definition

-small arteries that enter large vessels to nourish media and adventitia

[image]

Term

Arteries- Classification:

Elastic-largest

Definition

  •   Branches from the aortic arch
  • Endothelial cells contain inclusions- Weibel Palade bodies
  • Bodies contain von Willebrand's factor which facilitate coagulation of platelets

 

 

Term

Clinical Correlation of arteries

 

Definition

von Willebrand's disease- inherited, prolonged clotting time, excessive bleeding at injury

[image]

Term

1. Tunica media

Definition

- fenestrated (has pores), fibers of elastin, interspersed smooth muscle

 

Term

2. Tunica adventitia

Definition

- vast vasa vasorum


 

Term
Muscular arteries
Definition

- most of the "named" arteries. Eg: brachial, ulnar, renal; thick t. media with much smooth m.


Term
What are Arterioles?
Definition
  • arteries with diameter of less than 0.1 mm
  • histologically lumen size=width
Term
CC of arteries
Definition
  1. arteriosclerosis - thickening of artery walls, loss of elasticity and Ca deposition
  2. atherosclerosis - infiltration of lipid "plagues" into the t. intima; most common in large arteries
  • reduces lumen size, makes it prone to obstruction=heart attack
Term
What are 3 types of capillaries?
Definition

(capillaries are at the ends of arterioles)

  1. fenestrated
  2. continuous
  3. sinusoidal

 

Term
1. fenestrated
Definition
  • has pores
  • find in pancreas, intestine, endocrine glands
Term
2. continuous
Definition
  • no interruptions in walls(no pores)
  • in muscle, NS, CT
Term
3. sinusoidal
Definition
  • channels that conform to shape of where they lie
  • in bone marrow, liver, spleen, other lymphoid organs, some exocrine glands

[image]

Term
What is the general structure of capillaries?
Definition
  • single layer of endothelial cells, small lumen
  • have pericytes along outside of capillaries (control size)

 

Term
What are venules?
Definition
  • they exist at the end of capillaries
  • they empty into larger veins
  • cap.s in tissues→veins→venules→increasingly larger vessels→heart

 

 

Term
What are some key points of veins?
Definition
  • veins out number arteries and are larger
  • 70% of blood volume is in veins
  • veins parallel arteries
  • veins are usually collapsed b/c thinner and lower blood pressure
Term
What are 3 classes of veins based on size?
Definition
  1. small
  2. medium
  3. large

(all have same tunics as arterie but are thinner)

Term
CC of veins
Definition
  • varicose veins - abnormally large veins at the surface next to skin
  • mostly seen in elderly
  • result from: loss of muscle tone, degeneration of vessel walls, valve incompetence
Term

Heart:

3 Layers of the heart wall

Definition
  1. endocardium
  2. myocardium
  3. epicardium

[image]

Term
1. endocardium
Definition
  • lines h. lumen
  • endothelial cells
  • underneath is small amount of CT and within CT there are small BV and Purkinje fibers
Term
2. myocardium
Definition
  • thickest layer
  • spiral cardiac m. cells around the chamber orifices
Term
What are cardiac m. cells?
Definition
  • specialized cells that conduct impulses for contraction called Bundle of H.I.S.
  • cells then travel from BOH and become Purkinje fibers
Term
3. epicardium
Definition
  • has simple squamous epi.
  • when it surrounds organs=mesothelium
  • has loose CT, fat, nerves
  • where vessels enter and leave heart
  • vecomes continuous with visceral and parietal pericardium to enclose the pericardial cavity
Term
CC of heart
Definition
  1. pericarditis - infection of paricardial cavity
  • causes adhesions b/w epicardium and cavity
  • severely restricts heart beat

2. Ishemic coronary heart disease- atherosclerosis of coronary vessels of myocardium

  • blood flow is restricted
  • patient may have "refered" pain(pressure from lack of oxygen)=angina
Term
What is the lymphatic vascular system?
Definition
  • series of vessels that remove excess tissue fluid(lymph) and returns it to the cardiovasular system
  • spans entire body except orbit of eye, CNS, internal ear, epidermis, cartilage, bone
  • open system with no pump
  • lymphatic capillaries drain tissues then empty into larger lymphatic vessels
  • ducts empty into cardiovascular system
  • lymph nodes are interspersed along system
Term
What benefit does excercise have on the lymph. vasc. sys.?
Definition
  • it causes lymph to be moved around so antigens will come in contact with antibodies and immune system
Term
CC of LVS?
Definition
  • malignant cells spread via lymph
  • when reach lymph nodes they are slowed and can divide
  • eventually leave and metastisize in other organs
Term
Draw the different types of neurons:
Definition
[image]
Term
Visual aid for lymphatic vasular system:
Definition
[image]
Term
What does a RBC look like?
Definition
[image]
Term
What are the subgroups of WBCs?
Definition
[image]
Term
What do the different type of neuroglial cells look like?
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the structure of a nerve?
Definition
[image]
Term
What does the 2 divisions of the nervous system look like in the body?
Definition
[image]
Term
Where is the choroid plexus located?
Definition
[image]
Term
What does the arteries, capillaries, and veins look like?
Definition
[image]
Supporting users have an ad free experience!