Term
| The parathyroid gland consists of 2 superior and 2 inferior glands, which pharyngeal arches are they derived from? |
|
Definition
| the superior glands are derived from the 4th pharyngeal arch, which developed later than the third pharyngeal arch, giving rise to the inferior glands. |
|
|
Term
| pyknotic nuclei in the parathyroid gland is suggestive of? |
|
Definition
| cell is undergoing degeneration |
|
|
Term
| chief cells of parathryoid gland release? and what causes it to do so? |
|
Definition
| PTH (parathyroid gland), low Ca++ concentrations in blood leade to PTH secretion |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 functions of PTH? |
|
Definition
PTH acts on osteoblasts (osteoblasts have PTH receptors) to secrete osteclast stimulating factor, which stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone. PTH acts on the kidneys to absorb Ca++ and increase its concentration in the blood PTH causes increased uptake of Ca++ in intestines causing Vit D formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homeostasis, metabolic function, growth, reproduction, immune system smooth and cardiac muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is the embryological origin of adenohypophysis? of neurohypophysis? |
|
Definition
| oral ectoderm for adenohypophysis, neural ectoderm of neurohypophysis |
|
|
Term
| Cells of the anterior pituitary (pars distalis) are divided into chromophils and chromophobes. The chromophobes are divided into acidophilis and basophils. The acidophils are divided into_____ and they produce______? The basophils are divided into _____, _______, and _______ . They each produce _______. |
|
Definition
acidophils: somatrophs: somatotropin (GH) mammotrophs: prolactin basophils: thyrotrophs: TSH corticotrophs: ACTH, LH, MSH, endorphins and enkephalins gonadotrophs: LH, FSH |
|
|
Term
| All endocrine cells have what kind of capillaries: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypothalmus releases which hormones into the median eminance? |
|
Definition
TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)- stimulates the release of thyrotropin and prolactin GnRH (gonadtrophin releasing hormone)- stimulates the release of LH and FSH Somatostatin- inhibits the release of GH and thyrotropin PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone)- inhibits the release of prolactin CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)- stimulates the release of lipotropin and corticotropin |
|
|
Term
| Unlike the pars distalis, which secretes hormones its cells produce, the pars nervosa |
|
Definition
| does not have secretory cells, the nerve endings from the hypothalmus extend all the way into the pars nervosa, ending in herring bodies which store hormones of the hypothalmus, these hormones are ADH (from the paraventricular N) and oxytocin (from the supraoptic N) |
|
|
Term
| the pars nervosa contains one capillary system and pars distalis contains |
|
Definition
| two capillary systems, the hypothalmus secretes hormones into the primary capillary system. |
|
|
Term
| A pt with a tumor which results in the overproduction of GH suffers from____. hyposecretion of GH results in_____. |
|
Definition
hypersecretion: gigantism
hyposecretion: dwarfism |
|
|
Term
| the thyroid gland lies below the thyroid cartilage and has how many lobe(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of C cells and where are they located? |
|
Definition
| C cells (parafollicular cells) are located in the thyroid gland and they release calcitonin, which acts on osteoclasts by inhibiting osteoclasts, increasing Ca absorption by bones, and decreasing Ca and PO4 levels in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Iodide is transported into the thyroid folliclar cells via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH receptors are located where? and they function to? |
|
Definition
| basal surface of the follicular cells, they function to stimulate synthesis AND secretion of thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on the apical surface of the follicular surface (facing the lumen and colloid) |
|
|
Term
| A goiter can be caused by |
|
Definition
1) Graves disease- hyperthyroidism, resulting from Ab which bind to TSH receptors and stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones, hyperplasia of the follicular cells of the thyroid gland
2) iodine deficiency- hypothyroidism, but the body produces a lot of TSH which causes thyroid hypertrophy |
|
|
