Contain germ cells in recesses

 Do not divide in mature testis

Irregular shape, large pale staining nucleus, prominent nucleolus; crystalloid inclusion bodies

Form blood-testis barrier

Mechanically support develping sperm

Involved in spermiation (normal sperm release)

Create basal and adluminal compartments

Dimeric glycoprotein

Important for cell motility and proliferation

Think embryo and tumors

huge hexabrachions

Activate integrin receptors

Add to effect of fibronectins (motility)

Tumors and embryo

TM dimers

Heads interact with ECM

Initiate signaling cascades

Add talin - will have inside out signaling

Link ECM to cytoskeleton (focal adhesions - actin, hemidesmosomes - IFs)

TM proteins

Need Ca

Adherens junctions - link cells (actin to terminal web)

Desmosomes - via IFs

participate in Ca-dependednt cell adhesion

think leukocytes and endothelial cells

Boundary between epithelium and CT

Secreted by epithelium

lamina lucida and lamina densa

Type IV collagens

IFs

desmosome - cadherins

hemidesmosome - intergrins

Axoneme with 9+2 microtubule arrangement

Basal bodies for anchoring

"classical"

secretory vesicles fuse with the membrane

"cell suicide"

whole cell is secretory product

I - areolar CT, bone, tendon

II - cartilage

III - reticular tissue, skin, healing wounds

IV - basal lamina

Derived from B lymohocytes

eccentric nucleus

negative perinuclear golgi

clockwork nucleus

Red secretory granules

Secrete histamine

Yes.

Serotonin for vasoconstriction

Clotting factors

T - cell-mediated immunity

B - humoral immunity

Size close to RBC, little cytoplasm, large spherical nucleus

Precursors of macrophages

Eccentric flattened nucleus of variable shape

largest leukocytes

Can make foreign body giant cell

1.5x larger than RBC

3-lobed nucleus

Phagocytic

Phagocytic, secrete extracellular enzymes

Reduce inflammation

Lack lysozyme

Red granules

2- or 3-lobed nucleus

Very rare

Histamine secretion

Not phagocytic -inflammatory response

Blue granules

bilobed nucleus

Epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium - around each muscle fiber

1 per fiber

Info about muscle length, rate of stretch

myelination in the periphery

mesaxon = 2 membranes of the same Schwann cell in contact with each other

neurilemma - part of Scwann cell with cytoplasm

Myelinates only one axon

Can associate with several unmyelinated axons

Endo - as CT and fibroblasts - cellular

Peri - no fibroblasts

Epi - dense CT with blood vessels

Tunica intima

Tunica media

Tunica adventitia

Internal elastic lamina in tunica intima

External elastic lamina in tunica adventitia

3-40 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media

Articular surfaces, tracheal rings, epiphyseal growth plates, ends of ribs, embryo, nose, larynx

5% chondrocytes, 95% matrix

Interstitial growth

Type II collagen

No blood vessels, nerves or lymphatics

IV disks, symphysis pubis, knee menisci

transition between tendon and cartilage

Type I collagen

Dense CT

vascularized and innervated

not found at articular surfaces

Bone-lining cells (periosteum and endosteum) - can differentiate into osteoblasts

Osteoblasts - in periosteum and endosteum, make bone matrix

Osteocytes - osteoblasts trapped in matrix; in lacunae, do not make new bone; gap junctions to osteoblasts

Osteoclasts - mononucleated, come from monocytes, remove bone by secreting acid and enzymes

Structural unit of compact bone

Has central canal with blood supply and multiple concentric lamellae

Aligned along lines of stress

Pseudostratified

Lots of ciliated cells

No cartilage

No submucosal glands

NCB cells/Clara cells - produce liquid and enzymes

Fried-egg shaped

Cuboidal

makes surfactant - so has lamellar bodies

pars distalis

pars tuberalis

pars intermedia

pars nervosa

infundibulum

growth hormone

prolactin

ACTH (comes from POMS)

FSH

LH

Thyrotropin

Unmyelinated axons from hypothalamus

Makes ADH and oxytocin

Herring bodies - clusters of secretory granules in neurons

Pituicytes - unique cell type

Unique cell in neurohypophysis

Processes surround blood vessels and facilitate hormone access to blood vessels

Follicular cells (secrete thyroglobulin)

C cells/parafollicular cells - make calcitonin

Made by C cells in thyroid gland

Reduces blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast bone resorption

Secretion controlled by blood Ca levels

Chief cells - make parathyroid hormone (stimulates osteoclast activity and thus raises blood Ca levels)

Clear cells - former chief cell

Oxyphil cells - unique, function unknown

Salt-sugar-sex

zona glomerulosa - aldosterone

zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids and weak androgen

zona reticularis - most of adrenal androgens; also glucocorticoids

Adrenal medulla

Modified SNS neurons

Make catecholamines

Larger than neighboring zona reticulata cells

Receive glucocorticoids influence from cortex

Differentiate in the thymus

CD4+ - helper T cells (recognized by HIV virus)

CD8+ --> cytotoxic

Humoral immunity

MHC II complex on surface

Can become plasma cells or memory cells

In all nucleated cells

Recognized by cytotoxic T cells

Displays all proteins made by cell + viral/cancer specific proteins

On APC cells only - macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes

Presents proteins to helper T cells

in thymus

T cells differentiate (antigen-independent)

Hassal's corpuscles

No germinal centers

Epithelioreticular cells

No afferent lymphatics

In lymoh nodes

Where circulating lymphocytes enter lymph nodes