Term
|
Definition
| In acini and demilunes (cresent-shaped group of serous cells at periphery of mucous tubule). Round nuclei, lots of Golgi zones and packed with secretion granules. Amylase, proteins, and glycoproteins. |
|
|
Term
| Mucous cells in Salivary gland |
|
Definition
| Mostly in Tubules, Flattened, basally located nuclei, pale staining. Secretes mucus for lubrication. |
|
|
Term
| Myoepithelial cells in Salivary gland |
|
Definition
| Not easily distinguished in light microscope. Fine, stellate shaped by EM. Contracts to expel ascinar secretions. |
|
|
Term
| Intercalated duct in Salivary Gland |
|
Definition
| Between acini and long axes of intralobular ducts. Cuboidal, pale-staining, few granules. Conducts Saliva perhaps some ion transport. |
|
|
Term
| Straited Duct in Salivary Gland |
|
Definition
| Between intercalated and interlobular ducts. They are located in parenchyma. striated ducts are frequently called intralobular, but aren't necessarily. Columnar. Typically these ducts are specialized for ion resorption: extensive baso-lateral Na,K- ATPase & mitchondria. Can be visible in a striped looking way, thus term striated. Look for tall cells wtih apical nuclei. Conduct saliva and resorb sodium and secrete potassium. Can respond to aldosterone and are affected by the mutant chloride channel that produces cystic fibrosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surrounded by connective tissue of the septa. As the get larger they are called excretory ducts. Columnar stratified, Conduct saliva. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encapsulated and lobulated: typically contains many fat cells. All serous (in acini); occupies 90% of gland's volume. Longest intercalated ducts, extensive striated ducts, a single main excretory duct. Mostly water, 25% of solutes are gylcoproteins with high amylase content. Empties via Stensen's duct (opposite second upper molar). Provides 25% of saliva. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Encapsulated and lobulated some fat cells. 80% serous, 20% mucous. A few demilunes. Shorter intercalated duct, long and largest striated ducts, a single main excretory duct. Low in amylase, 40-60% of solutes are glycoproteins, contains lysozyme. Empties via Wharton's ducts provides 70% of saliva. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin, indistinct capsule, few or no fat cells. 60-70%, mucous, 40-30% serous. Demilunes! Intercalated and striated ducts are inconspicuous, several main excretory ducts. Most viscous, 90% gylcoprotein, low in amylase. Multiple Bartholin's ducts into either Wharton's or directly into oral cavity. Provides 5% of saliva. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wet aggregates of lymph tissue in lamina propria and submucous. Organized, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and submucosa. Secrete IgA rather than IgG. IgA transported across the mucosal epithelium and released in to lumen. Prevent invasion by microorganisms. |
|
|
Term
| M cells (Microfold cells) |
|
Definition
| Peyer's patches-ileum- also present in tonsils and other diffuse aggregates in the gut and respiratory system. Function in antigen transport by transcytosis and antigen presentation. Lymphocytes and macrophages are observed invading the epithelium itself to come in close contact with these specialized antigen-transporting cells. Weakest link-can be used to cause systemic infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows eating to be pleasurable instead of inflammatory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partially encapsulated wet lymphoid tissue encircle the entrance to the pharynx. Embedded in lamina propria. Fibrous capsule- facilitates surgical removal. May have some efferent drainage but no afferent lymphatics. Antigens must enter the parenchyma through the epithelium, which serves as a functional afferent passage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between pillars of fauces covered by stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium. There are crypts covered with epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) |
|
Definition
| unpaired and projects from the roof of the nasopharynx. Covered with respiratory epithelium and has no crypts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Base of tongue and covered stratified squamous non-keratinized epthelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| luminal folds present when empty. Mucous membrane 500-800 micrometers thick. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stratified squamos, non-keratinized epithelium lines the esophagus. |
|
|
Term
| Esophageal Lamina Propria |
|
Definition
| Loose connective tissue. In upper and lower segments, mucous glands can be found (cardiac glands). Branched tubular glands with cuboidal or columnar secretory epithelium. Occasional lymph nodes may be present. |
|
|
Term
| Esophageal muscularis mucosa |
|
Definition
| Layer of longitudinally oriented smooth muscle fibers that reaches a thickness of 200 to 400 micrometers near stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lots of course elastic and collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics, mucous tubuloalveolar. |
|
|
Term
| Esophageal Muscularis Externa |
|
Definition
| A band of smooth muscle that is composed of an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer. Skeletal muscle at top. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A layer of loose connective tissue that attaches the esophagus to surrounding structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide a barrier to entry. lack precise anatomical boundaries. Created by tonic contraction of smooth muscle of the muscularis externa o the esophagus. |
|
|
Term
| Upper esophageal sphincter |
|
Definition
| found at layer of cricoid cartilage. Separates the pharynx from the esophagus. RElaxed during swallowing. |
|
|
Term
| Lower esophageal sphincter |
|
Definition
| tightening of muscularis externa above the junction of the stomach. Must relax to allow food to enter stomach. Gastroesophageal reflux disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Holds one liter before intraluminal pressure increases. Four sections- Cardia, body or fundus, and pylorus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| longitudinal folds grossly observable in the empty stomach. - core of fold is submucosa covered with mucous membrane. |
|
|
Term
| How much stomach secretions daily |
|
Definition
| 1- 1.5 liters of gastic juice are secreted per day containing .4-.5% HCl and a pH <2. Distention increases peristalsis. 5-15 ml of chyme sent to duodenum with each peristaltic wave. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invaginations of the surface epithelium into the lamina propria. 3.5 x 10^6. Gastric glands open at the bottom of these pits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple or branched tubular glands. 1.5x 10^7 of these oriented perpendicularly to the luminal surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the cardia of the stomach, branched, coiled, tubular mucous glands. Short in length but long relative to pits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most numerous. Found in fundus and body of stomach. Deep, straight, tubular glands, and they secrete HCl and pepsinogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in pyloris. Coiled tubular glands. Mucous secretion. Long pits relative to glands.
Opposite to cardia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitosis of stem cells found in TOP of glands. Newborn cells migrate up into the pits and differentiate in to surface mucous cells or down and differentiate in to neck mucous, parietal, chief, and enteroendocrine cells. Surface cells live a week, gland cells last longer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tall simple columnar epithelial cells predominate. 5 types: Surface mucous, neck mucous, Prietal cells, Peptic cells, enteroendocrine cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers the ridges between gastric pits and extend into pits. Secrete a neutral polysaccharide-modified protein that protects the the mucosa. Replaced every three days. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in upper portion of the gastric gland interspersed between the parietal cells. Also line entire pyloric gland and cardiac gland. Secrete a soluble acidic mucous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete 0.1 N HCl. They are found in upper 2/3 of gastric glands in the fundus and in the body. Few are found in pylorus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by gastrin and histamine to secrete HCl. Secretion of HCl occurs by export of protons via a proton pump, H, K, ATPase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pumps stored in internal tubulovesicular membranes which fuse with the surface after stimulation. Numerous mitochondria supply ATP to pumps. |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac region distinguishing |
|
Definition
| Pits usually shorter than glands, all mucous. |
|
|
Term
| Body and fundus distinguishing characteristics |
|
Definition
| LOOONG glands with short pits all lined with parietal and chief cells. |
|
|
Term
| Pylorus Distinguishing Characteristics |
|
Definition
| Longer pits, but glands mostly mucous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 0.1 HCl, gastric intrinsic factor (B12). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aids in B12 absorption. Atrophic gastritis is associated with few parietal and chief cells and results in pernicious anemia due to poor B12 absorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Zymogenic, secrete pepsinogen and rennin, both proteases. Located in lower half of gastric glands. Characterized by numerous secretion granules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| APUD cells (amine precursor uptake and decaroxylation) Synthesize biogenic amines and polypeptide hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffuse Neuroendocrine System found in stomach and intestines. Products include Gastrin, Glucagon, Somatostatin serotonin, gherlin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates patietal cell acid secretion |
|
|
