Term
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Definition
| stimulates glycogenolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits other secretory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates gut motility. Secreted by argentaffin cells or enterochromaffin cells |
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Term
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Definition
| released when stomach is empty, stimulates the hypothalamus and produces feelings of hunger |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly cellular, reticular connective tissue, located between and under glands of stomach. Free lymphocytes and nodules are common. Mononuclear phagocytes plasma cells, and eosinophils. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle fibers project into lamina propria between glands and attach to basement membrane. Contraction aids in expulsion of secretory products. |
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Term
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Definition
| course collagenous bundles, elastic fibers and adipose tissue, numerous large blood vessels, lymphatics and Meissner's nerve plexi. Mast Cells lymphocytes and eosinophils. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 layers inner oblique, middle circular thickest layer, outer longitudinal (greater and lesser curvatures only). Pyloric sphincter is middle circular layer. Aurebach plexi are located between layers. |
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Term
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Definition
| covered with loose connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by stomach epithelial cells protects surface from HCl and pesinogen secreted by parietal cells. Serves as a barrier and has bicarbonate. too thin =damaged mucosa. |
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Term
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Definition
| erosion >5 mm in diameter of stomach or duodenum that penetrates through the muscularis mucosae. Problematic due to bleeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria believed to be primary cause of peptic ulcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| treat with antihistamines, inhibit h,k, ATPase in parietal cells. Antacids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common type of cancer after skin cancer. Surgery is treatment. |
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Term
| General features of the small intestine |
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Definition
| thin walled tube 4-5 meters long. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. Mucosa and sub mucosa modified to increase surface absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| found on absorptive cells. Primary sites of final digestion and absorption of sugars, amino acids, and fats. increase absorptive surface by 20x. |
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Term
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Definition
| Projections of the mucosa and form absorptive units. Each villus contains an arteriole a capillar network, a vein, a lymphatic capillary (lacteal) and strands of smooth muscle in a cellular lamina propria. Increase absortpive surface by 8x |
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Term
| Plicae Curcularis (valves of kerckring) |
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Definition
| permanent folds in the submucosa perpendicular to the long axis. begin 5 cm into the duodenum and end in the mid-ileum. Increase absorptive surface of the lumen 3x. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 distinct regions- absorptive villi and simple tubular glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 distinct regions- absorptive villi and simple tubular glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 distinct regions- absorptive villi and simple tubular glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 distinct regions- absorptive villi and simple tubular glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| located between and at the base of the villi, extend into lamina propria, can be considered secretory due to goblet cells secreting mucous. |
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Term
| Five types of epithelium in small intestine |
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Definition
| Undifferentiated columnar cells (mitotically active stem and transient amplifying cells, principle cells in the lower crypts. Absorptive columnar cells, Goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells. |
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Term
| Undifferentiated columnar cells |
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Definition
| mototically active stem and transient amplifying cells. Principle cells of lower crypts, precursors for absorptive cells and goblet cells. |
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Term
| Absortpive columnar cells (enterocytes) |
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Definition
| found on the villus, become more specialized as they migrate toward tip of villus. Apical surface covered by microvilli connected to actin filaments that fuse with terminal web. contractions of terminal web cause microvilli to stir. Has a glycocalyx covering that contains numerous membrane-bound enzymes essential for digestion. |
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Term
| Absorptive columnar cells |
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Definition
| absorbed lipids processed in to structures called chylomicrons that are released from the basolateral surfaces. Transport IgA antibodies from basolateral surface release them into lumen via transcytotic vesicle movement. SECRETE BICARBONATE in duodenum to protect against HCl. |
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Term
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Definition
| interspersed between absorptive cells. less abundant in duodenum and increase as you go toward ileocecal junction. Used for lubrication |
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Term
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Definition
| located in bottom of crypts and contain numerous secretion granules. LYSOZYMES, DEFENSINS, protein polysaccharides to protect against bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, cholecystokinin, motilin, peptide YY |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates HCO3, H20 secretion by the pancreas and the bile ducts |
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Term
| Gastric inhibitory peptide |
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Definition
| GIP inhibits stomach acid secretion in parietal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| (CCK) acts on the pancreas (acinar cell enzymesecretion) and gall bladder (smooth muscle contraction). Signals the brain producing an immediate sensation of fullness. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| signals hypothalamus producing satiety for hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| highly cellular fills center of villi and spaces between crypts. Lymphocytes, lymphatic nodules, plasma cells form an immunilogical barrier. reticular cells, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, capillaries, and venules that pick up absorbed nutrients to take them to the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| large lymphatic capillaries absorb lipids processed into chylomicra by absoprtive cells exit via these ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| outer longitudinal layer, inner circular, rythmic contraction may iad in transport of lymph from lacteal and stir fluid outside of epithelial cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| dense connective tissue later with large blood vessels and meissner's complexes. Lymphatic nodules present |
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Term
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Definition
| aurbach's nerve plexus here. well defined inner circular and outer longitudinal layers. |
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Term
| small intestinal adventitia |
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Definition
| Serosa mesothelium lined, mostly retropertoneal |
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Term
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Definition
| duodenum: Brunner's glands in submucosa. ducts empty in bottom of crypts and secrete mucin to protect duodenum. Not bicarbonate, that is by surface epithelium. Urogastrone has been demonstrated in Brunner's glands, a powerful inhibitor of HCl. |
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Term
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Definition
| most highly developed plica circullares- lacks peyers patches or brunners glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| most triglyceride absorption early, bile salts and vit b12 later- ileum. Major source of digestive enzymes pancreas, but brush border of absoprtive cells contain disaccharidase, depeptidase, leucine and aminopeptidase and other end stage digestive proteins. |
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Term
| digestive enzymes on brush border |
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Definition
| disaccharidase, dipeptidase, leucine, aminopeptidase |
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Term
| cell renewal in small intestine |
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Definition
| stem cells near base of the glands and produce absorptive and goblet cells. every 5-6 days. paneth cells every 30. interference leads to loss of epithelial barrier and infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meissner's and Auerbach's plexi are parasympathetic ganglia that coordinate smooth muscle contraction. Hirchsprung's disease-motility disrupted and gut becomes dilated. |
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Term
| complex singalling system |
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Definition
| involved enteroendocrine cells, hypthalamus, fat cells, and pancreatic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorbs water, vitamins, incubator for bacteria. 120 cm in length. Has three parts, colon, rectum, and anal canal. Villi and valves kerckring are absent. Glands are straight with deep pits and numerous goblet cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucosa- glands are two to three times deeper than in small intestine. Absorptive cells present on surface between glands but not in. Goblet cells main gland. Enteroendocrine cells that secrete seratonin (argentaffin cells) present in crtps or glands. Progenator cells founds deep in glands. LP thin layer below and between glands, Solitary lymphatic nodules and lymphocytes are numerous. SubMuc loosey arranged connective tissue with blood vessels, meissners, and lymphatic nodules. Also lots of adipose tissue. Outer layer three thick longitudinal strands of taenia coli. Plicae semilunares are crecentric folds that project into lumen, formed by contraction of taenia coli. |
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Term
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Definition
| partially serosal while ascending and descending portion of colon are retroperitoneal. |
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Term
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Definition
| no taenia coli. Abundant lymphatic nodules are large and may become confluent. |
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Term
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Definition
| mucosa of rectum similar to colon. to taenia coli. the mesothelium dissapears make the outer layer a true adventitia. lower portion of rectum is anal canal. Epithelium becomes stratified squamous and mucosa in thrown into folds. Skeletal muscle of pelvic floor surrounds the anal canal forming external anal sphincter. |
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Term
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Definition
| large endocrine and exocrine gland associated with GI tract. Exocrine secretes enzymes necessary for digestion, endocrine secretes hormones that regulate glucose metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete seratonin in colon |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.5% of total pancreatic weight (65- 160 gms) |
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Term
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Definition
| compound tubuloacinar glands which secrete into a duct system that empties into the duodenum. |
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Term
| pancreatic exocrine stroma |
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Definition
| covered by incomplete thin connective tissue capsule and thin septa divide the glands into lobules containing clusters of acinar cells and their ducts. Lots of blood vessels provided by celiac and superior mesentary arteries. Large blood vessels are found around the ducts. |
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Term
| pancreatic exocrine stroma |
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Definition
| covered by incomplete thin connective tissue capsule and thin septa divide the glands into lobules containing clusters of acinar cells and their ducts. Lots of blood vessels provided by celiac and superior mesentary arteries. Large blood vessels are found around the ducts. |
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Term
| pancreatic exocrine parenchyma |
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Definition
| exocrine secretory cells secrete enzymes and are arranged in groups of 5-10 cells forming an acinus connected to a small duct. |
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Term
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Definition
| typical protein secreting cells. pyramidal and have extensive RER network in basal portion of the cell. prominent Golgi and secretion granules are present. Tight junctions, proenzymes stored in secretion granules and their contents are relased from the cell by exocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| cuboidal with clear, homogenous pale-staining cytoplasm. Form part of duct system and surrounded by zymogen (acinar) cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete at least 9 pro-enzymes when chyme enters duodenum. stimulated by CCK (released from enteroendocrine cells in duodenum in reponse to acid, amino acids) Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidase, enterokinase activator, amylase, lipase, lecithinas, DNase, and RNase |
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Term
| Centroacinar and intercalated duct cells. |
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Definition
| Secrete watery, alkaline rich fluid in bicarbonate and salts, stimulated by secretin from duodenal enteroendocrine cells (stimulated in response to acid, aminos, etc) |
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Term
| How much pancreatic secretion? |
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Definition
| 2 liters/ day! high pH keeps enzymes inactive, then low pH and enterokinase activate trypsin and trypsin does the rest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Main duct is duct of Wirsung enters duodenum at the ampulla of Vater with common bile duct. Duct of Santorini is accessory duct that is cranial to Wirsung. |
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Term
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Definition
| begin in acini with centroacinar cells. large ducts enveloped in dense connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Centroacinar ducts lined by cuboidal epithelium, intralobular (intercalated) ducts are line by low columnar-cuboidal epithelium with occasional goblet and cells of DNES; these ducts surrounded by connective tissue of the septa. Wirsung and Santorini ducts lined by columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet and DNES cells. |
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Term
| good girls stop sexy guys |
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Definition
| gastrin- parietal cells secrete HCl, Glucagon- glycogen break down, somatostatin- inhibits secretory cells, seratonin- increases peristalsis, gherlin- signals hunger |
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Term
| sexy girls can't make poo |
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Definition
| secretin- causes bicarbonate secretion in pancreatic CA and ducts. Gastrin inhibitory hormone, cholicystokinin- fullness, pancreatic smooth muscle contraction of exocrine glands and the brain. Motilin- motility of gut (like seratonin) Peptide YY- long term satiety |
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Term
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Definition
| islets of langerhans- 1-2 million, characteristic of APUD cells. |
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Term
| Stroma of endocrine pancreas |
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Definition
| each islet covered by thin reticular connective tissue to separate them from surrounding acinar tissues. Each islet has fenestrated capillary. Nerves are unmyelinated autonomic, some end on secretory cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| irregular, prismatic arranged in cords. 6 cell types, three identified alpha, beta and delta cells. Metabolize glucose throughout the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| 30% of islet cells located in periphery. Secrete glucagon- hyperglycemic and signals breakdown of glycogen in liver- brown |
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Term
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Definition
| 65% of islet cells central portion secrete insulin. hypoglycemic, tells cells to uptake glucose and liver to store glycogen- blue |
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Term
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Definition
| somatostatin 4% of islet cells on periphery. Somatostatin inhibits the release of glucagon by alpha cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| rare pancreatic cells shown my physiologically peptidases in the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation from enzymes becoming active n pancreas. alcoholism and diseases of biliary tract, viral infections and drugs. islets more resistant to digestion than acini |
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Term
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Definition
| duct cells of exocrine glands. 5th leading cause of cancer in 2002. 5 ear survival rate. 3% low survival rate, more common in women |
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Term
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Definition
| type 1- autoimmune loss or inactivity of beta cells, early in life. exogenous insulin and is insulin-dependent. type 2 associated with obesity, progressive disease endpoint, failure of tissue to respond to insulin. Insulin production lowers. Sedentary obese, over 40, metabolic syndrome, hyper tension, stroke, atherosclerosis, heart attack. Insulin resistance becomes type 2 diabetes when body fails to produce enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels under 125 after fasting. |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose can spontaneously react with free amino acid groups of proteins, eg interior lysines adn N-terminus of albumin. can alter function and make it antigenic. automatically increases the rate of the glucose addition to amino groups. basal lamina of circulatory system likely targets leading to coronary artery disease, stroke and blindness and kidney failure |
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Term
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Definition
| 23. million 8% of population 5.7 24% of cases mill undiagnosed. more than 90% type 2. 40% of people over 65 and 50% of people over 80 suffer to some degree. |
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Term
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Definition
| largest gland and one of biggest organs in human body. valveless portal vein- blood distributed to second set of capillaries- sinusoids, which are surrounded by plates of hepatocytes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| synthesis- albumin, alpha and beta globulins, transferrin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors 7, 9, and 10. |
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Term
| Transferrin, albumin, prothrombin, angiotensin |
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Definition
| transferrin, carries iron, albumin- major protein in blood, prothrombin- clotting factor, angiotensin- blood pressure. |
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Term
| Liver lipids and lipoproteins, urea |
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Definition
| cholesterol, ldl, fatty acids, vldl, amino acid proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose- glycogen, lipids- fat droplets, vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidation by p450 is SER, reduction in mitochondria, conjugation in the SER with glucuronic acid or sulfate, methylation and hydrolysis. Then excreted in bile or by the kidneys via blood. therapeutic drugs removed from circulation or generation of toxic by products. |
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Term
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Definition
| (carried by albumin) to a glucuronide, water-soluble . |
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Term
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Definition
| turn over of androgens, estrogens, prostaglandins, and insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| sulfobromophthalein dye used to measure clearance from the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| detergent that aid in lipid digestion and absoprtion (exocrine) |
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Term
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Definition
| collagen fibroblasts, surrouned by mesothelium. reflects at hilus and merges with connective tissue enmeshing the vascular and biliary tubes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| portal canal and portal space- hepatic arteriole (20%) flows into sinosoids- highly permeable capillaries, portal venule, and bile duct. |
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Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue, nerve endings, lymphatics. blood from portal venules (80%) adn hepatic arterioles (20)% flows INTO sinusoids (fenestrated epithelium). flows toward terminal hepatic venule (THV). THV's merge to form larger hepatic veins and eventually carry blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava. An acinus lies between two or more THV's with a triad at the center. |
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Term
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Definition
| the gap between the sinosoidal epithelium and the hepatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| bile from hepatocytes flow in bile caniliculi and lymph from the Space of Disse flow back towards the triad |
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Term
| zone 1 of cells in acinus |
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Definition
| Zone 1- most active in glycogen synthesis, closest to triad, blood richest in oxygen, active glucoronidation of drugs and metabolites occurs here. Lots of lysozomes and pinocytosis. metal complexes deposited here. hemochromatosis, Wlson's disease. Most active area of protein synthesis and plasma protein secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| High in polyamines and cell regenerative capacity. Kill zone 1 cells and you kill the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| transition between 1 and 3 cells with intermediate cellular characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest blood O2, rich in SER drug oxidation capacity. Many drugs and toxins damage 3 cells first. Glycogen dissapears from these cells first in starvation. Thin, less active mito. Fat deposited here most abundantly. Fatty liver is alcoholism accompanied by choline deficiency. Prolly contains high levels of alcohol dehydrogenase. SER p450 and other drug modifying activities, active n detox, susceptible to damage. tylenol overdose produces hepatic necrosis and coma- toxic arylating agent that kills hepatocytes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| they account for 80% of the liver cell. Polyhedral, 20-30 micrometers in diameter arranged in plates. binucleate. zone 1- active in plasma protein secretion, rich in RER, golgi, and secretion vesicles. Zone 3 often loaded with SER and fat droplets. the plasma membranes facing the space of disse have microvilli. secrete collagen type 3 into space of disse to form supportive reticulum. |
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Term
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Definition
| touching cells form tight junctions that seal off canaliculi which are beginning of bile ducts. secrete bile salts and modified drugs, roxins and metabolites into bile canaliculi. |
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Term
|
Definition
| slow cell turnover. May live for a year. don't appear to be hepatocyte stem cells in adult liver. |
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Term
|
Definition
| thin, hard to see, form a porous cascular wall. fenestrated with .1 micrometer pores. larger 103 mm openings are found near triads. |
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Term
|
Definition
| mononuclear phagocytotic macrophages (reticuloendothelial system) span lumen of sinusoid. phagocytize stuff from guts and contain collagenase. |
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Term
|
Definition
| store fat and vitamins in space of disse. can transform into fibroblastsand synthesize collagen after liver damage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| bile, water and bilirubin into bile caniliculi. |
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Term
|
Definition
| synthesized from cholic acid. emulsify fat for hydrolysis and absorption. |
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Term
|
Definition
| reabsorb bile salts from portal vein and synthesize new salts as necessary. |
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Term
|
Definition
| merge and become lined with cuboidal epithelium to form canals of Hering. Enter triad to join bile ducts line with cuboidal epi. As ducts enlarge they contain denser fibrous connective tissue. Smooth muscle often seen near hilus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| line with tall columnar epithelium. Rest the same as intestines with some tubular glands. |
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|
Term
| cystic duct joins the gallbladder |
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Definition
| to the hepatic duct, which then continues as the common bile duct to the duodenum where bile flow is regulated b a smooth muscle sphincter |
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Term
|
Definition
| causes bile ducts to secrete bicarbonate into the bile, relaxes sphincter in pancreas and liver. Also causes release of bicarbonate from pancreas centroacinar cells and intercalated ducts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| storage, simple columnar epithelium bearing apical microvilli. sodium pumps absorb sodium from bile with chloride and water following. results in bile concentration. thin muscularis layer. CCK induces contraction of of gallbladder sending bile to duodenum. Cholesterol and bile salts precipitate. Cause problem when block ducts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Viruses A, B, C hepatitis, EB, mumps, or toxic induced damage can lead to inflammation- hepatitis. Excessive collagen deposition and fibrosis. involve circulatory. Severe dysfunction- cirrhosis. Inhibition of collagen secretion. blockage of bile ducts and flow to duodenum- cholestasis. fatally poison children. jaundice-bile leakage into blood. |
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