Term
| Six Steps for Tissue Microscopy |
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Definition
1. Tissue collection
2. Fixation
3. Embedding
4. Sectioning + Mounting
5. Staining
6. Viewing |
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Term
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Definition
1. Directly with scalpel (e.g. skin)
2. Needle Biopsy
3. Endoscopic |
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Term
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Definition
1. Dehydration (e.g. salts, alcohol)
2. Chemical (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde)
3. Rapid Freeze |
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Term
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Definition
1. H+E - Hematoxylin (blue and basic) and Eosin (pink and acidic)
2. Wright - Methylene Blue (vital, blue, basic) and Eosin. Blood cell differentiation
3. Chemical
a)Silver (black and brown) Neurons
b)PAS carbs magenta
c)Immuno/histo Fl Ab
d) Autoradiography
e) In Situ Hybridization |
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Term
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Definition
1. Light Microscopy - 0.25um
2. TEM - 1nm
3. SEM - 10nm 3D |
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Term
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Definition
1. Parafin Wax (5-8um, slow, light)
2. Acrylics (1um light, 60-80nm EM, slow)
3. Rapid Freeze (12-20um, immuno stains, fast) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Nervous
2. Muscle
3. Epithelial
4. Connective |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle, Connective, Epithelial |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
50% of membrane
1. Phospholipids (~50% IC + EC)
2. Cholesterol (~45% IC + EC)
3. Glycolipids (~5-10% EC) |
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Term
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Definition
50% of membrane
1. Integral/Transmembrane
2. Peripheral |
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Term
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Definition
Splits membrane in two.
p-face - IC with more bumps than pits
e-face - EC more pits than bumps |
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Term
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Definition
glycolipids and sugars attached
"sugar coat" of cells
more pronounced in epithelial cells
cell-cell recognition and adhesion |
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Term
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Definition
1.Pinocytosis
2.Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
3.Phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
Invagination of cell membrane
Membrane size regulation |
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Term
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
receptor binds ligand creates signal
coated pit with recptors/ligands
Clathrin drives invagination |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of unwanted material where phagocytic cell engulfs said material |
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Term
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Definition
Secretory vesicle with fusogenic proteins links with membrane and opens up to release contents and vesicle becomes part of membrane.
1. Constitutive - constantly (mucus)
2. Regulated - regulated ha! (zymogens) |
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Term
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Definition
Only non-membrane bound organelle
Formed in nucleolus
Free in cytoplasm or associated w/RER |
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Term
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Definition
Hormone producing cells
Detoxification
CA++ regulator (sarcoplasmic reticulum) |
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Term
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Definition
Ribosome studded ER
Integral and secreted protein syn.
20AA signal on nacent pro target for RER if membrane bound pro.
Post translation mod. started here |
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Term
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Definition
| Take proteins from RER to Golgi |
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Term
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Definition
Cis face where Trans. Ves. meet
Trans face secretpry Ves. bud off
Post-trans modifications |
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Term
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Definition
Primary - hydrolytic enzymes <1um homo
Secondary - have fused with endo ves.
Acid hydrolases only active at low pH
Can become inclusion bodies (e.g. lipofuscin in neuronal cells)
Autophagic |
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Term
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Definition
1. Tay-Sachs - Hexosaminidase deff. accum. of gangliosides causing nervous problems
2. Pompe's - Glucosidase deff. cases excess glucose in cells, esp. muscle. Hypertrophy of heart, blocks contractile filaments |
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Term
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Definition
<1um in dia.
oxidative catabolism
Long chain Fattty acids --> AcetylCoA |
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Term
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Definition
ATP Synthesis
Two membranes
Cristae for SA and max. ATP forming ability
Kreb's in Matrix
ETC in inner membrane
Pro. locally produced and imported |
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Term
| Mitochondria Clinical Problems |
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Definition
1. Muscle weakness (no ATP)
2. Degen. CNS Disease
3. inc. lactic acid due to higher rate of glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Glycogen
2. Lipid Droplets - Adipocytes
3. Pigment - melanin in lipofuscin
4. Crystalline - Phagocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Membrane continuous with RER
Chromatin = DNA and associated proteins
Heterochromatin - Dark staining, wound DNA
Euchromatin - Unraveled transcribing DNA <30nm
Nuclear pores for migration of necessary components |
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Term
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Definition
1. Microfilaments - 7nm
2. Intermediate Filaments 8-12nm
3. Microtubules - 25nm
Gives cells shape, motility, strength, anchors organelles, intracellular transportation |
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Term
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Definition
G actin forms together into F Actin in alpha helix
Tension bearing, muscle contraction, cyto streaming, motility, division, microvilli.
Build at + end dissociate at - end
myosin moves Clathrin coated vesicles along F actin |
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Term
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Definition
Cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and other arganelles, nuclear lamina
Four types of IF - can help in determining type of cell |
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Term
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Definition
Cell shape, Motility, organelle movement, chromosome movement
formed out of MOTC
alpha and beta subunits
GTPase, high GTP causes polymerization and vice versa
Kinesin - anterograde towards + end
Dynein - retrograde towards - end |
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Term
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Definition
Apical end of epithelial cells form "brush border"
formed by actin
increase SA |
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Term
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Definition
Movement
9+2 microtubules in ciliary axoneme Dynein slides 9 doublets to cause whip
Primary Cillium - 9+0
1. Kinocilia - distortion creates signal (hair cell)
2. Stereocilia - actually microvilli (epidydimis and ear) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Tight Junctions (Zona Occludens)
2. Adherence Junction (Zona Adherens)
3. Desmosomes (Macula Adherens) |
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Term
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Definition
Impermeable to ions to prevent leakage
Occcludinand claudin proteins
e. coli toxin target |
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Term
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Definition
1. Adherence Junction - continuity of actin network, homophilic adhesion of cadherin between opposite cells
2. Desmosomes - desmoglyeins and desmoplaques. IF bind to plaque |
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Term
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Definition
| Create continuity amongst cells (e.g. electrical states) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Hemidesmosomes anchor IF to ECM
lamina lucida->lamina densa->reticular lamina (collagens)
Focal contacts mediated by integrins to actin |
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Term
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Definition
Create continuity amongst cells (e.g. electrical states)
Connexons |
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Term
| Clinical Correlates of Cell Adhesions |
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Definition
1. Pemphigus - Auto Ab to hemidesmosomes and desmosomes causing blistering and fluid loss
2. Alport's - Type IV collagen defect, kidneys can't filter properly hematuria
3. Cancer - allows metastasis |
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Term
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Definition
Interphase and Mitosis
Cell Growth and DNA
Cytokinesis and Karyokinesis
Sloppy and Precise
Controlled by extrinsic (nutrients, GF) and intrinsic (cell senescence) factors
Progeria and Hutchinson-Gilford are mutations that cause premature aging due to uncontrolled cell division |
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Term
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Definition
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase |
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Term
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Definition
Two Cycles of Mitosis, but without doubling DNA before the second round
Gives rise to four cells each with one set of chromosomes unlike mitosis which gives 2 cells with two copies of each chromosome |
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Term
| Molecular control of Cell Cycle |
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Definition
1. G1 and S - DNA is intact and two copies of each chromosome
2. S and G2 - DNA is doubled
3. M phase promoter - commited cell
Cyclins and cyclin kinases |
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Term
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Definition
DNA + histone - chromatin
Sister chromatids joined by centromere(can be at varying points on chromatids)
Kinetochore is attached to centromere and linked to microtubules for movement of chromatids. |
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Term
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Definition
Begining of mitotic spindle formation
Polarization of cell
Nucleoli disperse |
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Term
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Definition
| Beakdown of nuclear envelope |
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Term
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Definition
Mitotic Spindle is set (microtubules attached to centrioles running to centromeres and structural proteins in cell)
Chromatids line up at equator
Kinetochore microtubules are attached to centromeres |
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Term
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Definition
Pulling apart of sister chromatids
Kinetochore microtubules shrink + end to - end
Polar microtubules polymerize pushing cell apart. |
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Term
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Definition
New nuclear envelope formed
Chromatids begin decondensing
Cytokinesis begins
Cleavage Furrow forms (ring of actin that pinches with aid of myosin |
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Term
| Cell Cycle (anti-cancer) Drugs |
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Definition
1. Disrupt Mitotic Spindle Formation
-vincristine
-colchicine prophase-X->prometa
-taxol
2. Inhibit DNA sythesis
-S-fluoracil
-methotrexate Arrests cells in S
-cytosin arabidonase
- |
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Term
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Definition
Leptotene - chromatids tight
Zygotene - Chromosomes pair up forming tetrads synapsis
Pachytene - chromosomal exchange
Diplotene - Dissociation of synapses but still close with chiasmata
Diakineses - spread apart but remain tied at chiasmata |
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Term
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Definition
22 plus X and Y
meta, submeta, acro, and telo locations of centromere
Double minute chromosomes - amplification of GF transporters and pther genes that give rise to carcinomas
Trisomy 21 - Down Syndrome
Karyotypes
Chronic Myelogenic Leukamia - 9 + 22 swap (philadelhia chromosome) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Apoptosis-appropriate and programmed
2. Necrosis-inappropriate and accidental
3. Autophagy |
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Term
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Definition
1. Loss of surface contact
2. Shrinkage
3. organelles intact
4. nuclear change (fragmented, but envelope maintained and DNA cleaved by nucleosomes)
5. Phagocytosis
6. No inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
1. Swelling of cell
2. Organelles swell
3. Rupture
4. Inflammation
5. DNA smear |
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Term
Physiological examples of apoptosis
and Pathology |
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Definition
1. embryonic (interdigital webs)
2. cell turnover
3. T-Cell clonal deletion
4. Atrophic
1. Viral Infection
2. Immune mediated
3. Cell injury
4. Atrophic |
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Term
| Molecular and cellular mechanisms of apoptosis |
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Definition
1. organelle dysfunction (intrinsic) mitochodria leakage and release of Cytochrome C causing caspae cascade
2. Death receptor (extrinsic) FAS rec. FADD caspase 8
3. DNA damage - p53 tumor suppresor gene G1/S checkpoint Cell divides unchecked
4. Abnormal protein folding/accum. |
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Term
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Definition
Trigger->Regulator->Effector->Apoptosis
Irradiation->p53->caspases->apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Acute Energy Depletion
2. Trauma
3. Extreme Environment
4. Excessive ROS
5. Excessive DNA damage |
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Term
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Definition
1. Degradation and Recycling o cell components
2. Autophagic vacuole accum.
3. Survival during starvation
4. Type 2 cell death |
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Term
| Pharma apporoaches to stop cell death |
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Definition
1. Calcium chealators
2. Caspase inhibitors
3. Protease Inhibitors
4. Memantine (Glu rec. antagonist)
5. GFs
6. Cytokines
7. antioxidants |
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