Term
| What are 3 substances that the kidney regulates in blood and the extracellular fluid? |
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Definition
| 1) Water 2) Ions 3) acid-base |
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Term
| What does the kidney excrete? |
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Definition
| metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs |
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Term
| What are 2 endocrine products of the kidneys? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How does renin affect blood pressure? |
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Definition
| It acts with angiotensinogen to increase blood pressure |
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Term
| How does erythropoietin affect red blood cells? |
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Definition
| It helps to increase the number of RBCs |
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Term
| Which structure is responsible for forming initial urine by filtering blood? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In which structure is 80% of the initial filtrate volume and solutes recovered? |
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Definition
| The proximal convoluted tubule |
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Term
| Where is a high salt concentrate formed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is 20% of NaCl recovered from after the formation of the salt concentrate in the medulla? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In what structure does the selective recovery of NaCl through aldosterone and secretion of H+ and HCO3 occur? |
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Definition
| The collecting tubules and ducts |
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Term
| In what structure does the selective recovery of water through antidiuretic hormone (ADH) occur? |
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Definition
| The collecting tubules and ducts |
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Term
| What structure regulates the rate of urine formation? |
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Definition
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Term
| What type of cells make up Bowmans capsule? |
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Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
| What are the names of the two types of arterioles that peirce Bowmans capsule at the vascular end? |
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Definition
| The afferent and efferent arterioles |
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|
Term
| What cells are associated with the arterioles near Bowmans capsule? |
|
Definition
| The extraglomerular mesangial cells |
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|
Term
| Which pole is at the beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the two poles on Bowmans capsule? |
|
Definition
| The vascular and urinary poles |
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|
Term
| What are three structures that are found inside Bowmans capsule? |
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Definition
| 1) Fenestrated capillaries 2) Glomerular mesangial cells 3) Podocyte cells |
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Term
| What are functions of the glomerular mesangial cells? |
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Definition
| 1) physically support the capillaries 2) turn over the basal lamina 3) help control capillary diameter 4) secrete vasoactive compounds |
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Term
| What is another name for podocyte cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The urinary space or Bowmans space lies between what two structures? |
|
Definition
| Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus |
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|
Term
| What causes urine to form in the urinary space? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
| Form initial urine through pressure filtration |
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|
Term
| How does the three layered filter of the renal corpuscle work? |
|
Definition
| 1) fenestrated epithelium pores retain the cells 2) Basal lamina retains proteins greater than 450k MU 3) Filtration slits of podocyte pedicles keep albumin sized proteins greater than 68K MU |
|
|
Term
| What is the longest section of the nephron? |
|
Definition
| The proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of the proximal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
| tall cuboidal or columnar cells with apical brush border and junctional complexes |
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|
Term
| What are 4 functions of the proximal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
| 1) Recover 80% of the initial ultrafiltrate 2) actively pump Na+ for solute and water recovery 3) protein endocytosis 4) secretion of organic acids and bases into the urine |
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|
Term
| What structure straightens out and joins the medullary ray and has lower and fewer villi? |
|
Definition
| The straight proximal tubule |
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|
Term
| What do medullary rays contain? |
|
Definition
| they contain straight, parallel arrays of proximal, loop elements, collecting tubules, and may contain loops of Henle |
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|
Term
| What is the name of the structure that exists after the straight proximal tubule narrows into a thin loop? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the elements of the loop of Henle? |
|
Definition
| Thick descending limb, thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, and thick ascending limb |
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Term
| Which portion of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which portion of the loop of Henle contains ion pumps that actively transport sodium and or chloride from urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the loop of Henle considered a concurrent multiplier? |
|
Definition
| Because it concentrates ions in the medulla outside the tubules. |
|
|
Term
| As urine exits the medulla, does it become hypotonic or hypertonic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Up to what percentage of sodium is recovered from the active ion pump on the thick ascending limb? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which loops produce the most of the high salt concentration in the interstitial tissue of the medula? |
|
Definition
| the loops in the juxtamedullary neprhons instead of the loops in the renal corpuscles |
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|
Term
| What is formed where the thick ascending limb runs next to its own renal corpuscle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the tubule after the macula densa that becomes convoluted? |
|
Definition
| The distal convoluted tubule |
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|
Term
| What two substances are reabsorbed at the distal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect do thiazide drugs have on the distal convoluted tubule? |
|
Definition
| They inhibit NaCl recovery and increase the volume of urine output |
|
|
Term
| In what part of the kidney do the distal convoluted tubules join the collecting tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is aldosterone made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What affect does aldosterone have on the collecting tubules? |
|
Definition
| it allows for the movement of sodium from urine into the cytoplasm of cells |
|
|
Term
| How does the Na/K pump work? |
|
Definition
| it moves sodium from the cytoplasm into the blood and potassium from the blood into the cytoplasm. Potassium is excreted with urine, and sodium and water are retained, increased body fluid volume |
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|
Term
| What is another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the neurohypohysis, or the posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| What affect does low ADH have on collecting ducts and tubules? |
|
Definition
| it makes them impermeable to water, so more urine leaves the kidney, and blood pressure and volume is reduced. |
|
|
Term
| What affect does high ADH have on collecting ducts and tubules? |
|
Definition
| it makes them permeable to water, so water is passed to the medulla and into the blood, increasing blood volume and pressure |
|
|
Term
| Which integral membrane proteins are responsible for the high water permeability of the MCD epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is blood pH regulated? |
|
Definition
| H+ and HCO3 are secreted from the medullary collecting tubules into urine |
|
|
Term
| Medullary collecting ducts converge to form what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Papillary ducts empty into what structure at the area cribosa? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
|
Definition
| the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells |
|
|
Term
| What are juxtaglomerular cells? |
|
Definition
| modified smooth muscle in the tunica media that store renin and are mostly found in afferent arterioles |
|
|
Term
| What is the Glomerular Filtration Rater (GFR) |
|
Definition
| the total amount of initial filtrate produce by both kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Which cells monitor NaCl in the lumen of the Thick Ascending Limb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do macula densa cells do to afferent arterioles when they detect high NaCl in TAL? |
|
Definition
| They signal the afferent arterioles to contrict |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of constricting afferent arterioles with regards to filtrate formation? |
|
Definition
| It slows the production of initial filtrate and NaCl entry |
|
|
Term
| What happens when macula densa cells detect low NaCl in TAL? |
|
Definition
| The signal juxtaglomerular cells to release renin |
|
|
Term
| What two signaling molecules does renin produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What affect does renin and angiotensin have on the efferent arterioles and overall filtrate production? |
|
Definition
| Efferent arterioles are become contrincted than afferent arterioles, and more filtrate is produced |
|
|
Term
| What affect does angiotensin II have on systemic blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| it increases blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Where is angiotensin made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does renin do to angiotensin? |
|
Definition
| it converts it to angiotensin I, which then gets converted to angiotensin II |
|
|
Term
| Describe the two actions of angiotensin II in increasing blood NaCl and pressure |
|
Definition
| angiotensin II signals for the release of the aldosterone which increases NaCl and water retention from the collecting ducts and tubules, and it contricts arterioles everywhere to increase blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
| Describe arterial blood flow. |
|
Definition
| Renal artery - segmental artery branches - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery - afferent arteriole - glomerular capillary - efferent capillary |
|
|
Term
| Cortical glomeruli capillaries join what capillary system? |
|
Definition
| the peritubular capillary network |
|
|
Term
| Juxtaglomerular capillaries join what venous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the concurrent exchange system? |
|
Definition
| medullary arteriolae and venae reactea running parallel in the medulla, supplying blood to the medulla without removing the high salt concentration of the medulla |
|
|
Term
| If interstitial cells become diseased, what can they produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two products do interstitial cells produce? |
|
Definition
| Erythropoietin and prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of the extrarenal system? |
|
Definition
| the ureters, the bladder, and the urethra |
|
|
Term
| What are the three common layers of the extrarenal system? |
|
Definition
| inner mucosa, middle muscularis, external adventitia |
|
|
Term
| The mucosa contains what type of epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three portions of the male urethra? |
|
Definition
| prostatic, membranous, and spongy |
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