Term
| What are the three layers that make up the airways? |
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Definition
-Mucous membrane (mucosa)
-Submucosa
-Adventitia |
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Term
| What are the three layers that form the mucosa of air tubes? |
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Definition
-epithelium
-lamina propria-a loose irregular CT layer
-muscularis mucosa- layer of smooth muscle found in bronchi and bronchioles |
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Term
| What are the characteristics and functions of the submucosa of the airways? |
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Definition
-a dense irregular CT layer
-contains glands (serous, mucous, and seromucous) and blood vessels
-contains hyaline cartilage plates and rings in the trachea and bronchi
-contains longitudinal oriented elastic fibers that allow for stretch. |
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Term
| Describe the adventitia of the airways. |
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Definition
| The adventitia is made of thick connective tissue and makes up the outer most layer of the airways. |
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Term
| What is the function of the airways? |
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Definition
to protect the lungs and remove antigens using
-hairs
-goblet cells, mucous glands, serous glands
-vasculature of airway walls warm the incoming air
-lymphatics |
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Term
| What does MALT and BALT stand for? What structures does it include? |
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Definition
-MALT- mucosa associate lymphatic tissue
-BALT- bronchi associated lymphatic tissue of immune system
-can be loose, nodulated, or encapsulted such as the tonsils
-within the lamina propria contains individual motile immune cells such as mast cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and granular leukocytes |
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Term
| Where are goblet cells found? |
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Definition
| In respiratory epithelium--not in olfactory epithelium |
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Term
| Describe the transition of epithelial cells moving from the nose to the respiratory bronchioles. |
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Definition
| The epithelium in the nose trachea, bronchi, large brochioles is pseudostratified epithelia. It them transitions to simple ciliated columnar in the terminal bronchioles and then to simple ciliated cuboidal in the respiratory bronchioles and then to simple squamous in the alveoli. |
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Term
| Which cells of the respiratory epithelium have secretions that act as hormones? |
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Definition
| Granule cells release secretory granules which act as hormones. |
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Term
| What cells of the respiratory epithelium act as stem cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells produce the "mucus river" in the airways and what is the function of said river? |
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Definition
-Goblet cells
Mucus river
-catches particles keeping respiratory system clean |
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Term
| Where is stratified squamous epithelilum found in the airways? |
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Definition
-nasopharynx
-entrance to the nasal cavity (nares)
-epiglottis
-portions of the larynx that are subject to vibrations |
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Term
| What is metaplasia? When does it occur? Why can it be problematic? |
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Definition
| Metaplasia is the reversible conversion of respiratory epithelium into stratified squamous epithelium in the upper respiratory tract. This conversion takes place when the respiratory epithelium come under heavy wear such as by low grade viruses or smoking. Metaplasia can be a precursor to squamous cell carcinoma. |
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Term
| How is the epithelium of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity different than the rest of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
| The olfactory region has specialized pseudostratifed epithelium containing olfactory sensory receptor cells. Lacks goblet cells |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the nasal conchae? |
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Definition
| To increase the mucosal area for moistening and warming the air. |
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Term
| What tissue layer are the large veins that warm air in the nasal cavity located in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the olfactory region located? |
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Definition
| The roof of the nasal cavity and the lateral and medial septal wall. |
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Term
| Describe the olfactory receptor cells? |
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Definition
-bipolar neurons with nonmotile cilia on their apical surface
-the cilia contain odor chemoreceptor mechanisms
-axons enter the CNS directly w/out synapse in peripheral ganglion
-axons penetrate the cribriform plate
only neuron that is replaced in adults |
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Term
| What is the function of the Bowman's glands? Where is it located? |
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Definition
Produces a special serous secretion which dissolves odorous substances, protects epithelia, and the cleans olfactory surface.
-Located in the lamina propria |
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Term
| What region of the airway contains the median pharyngeal tonsil or adenoids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives the epiglottis its flexibility? |
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Definition
| A core of elastic cartilage. |
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Term
| What type of cartilage keeps the larynx open? |
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Definition
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Term
| What features allow for differentiation of bronchioles and bronchi? |
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Definition
-Bronchioles do not contain cartilage
-Bronchioles do not contain glands
-Bronchi are large and contain cartilage |
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Term
| What regulates the diameter of the bronchiole airways? |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle of the mucosa layer. |
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Term
| What areas of the airway have cartilage? |
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Definition
| The nose, trachea, and bronchi. |
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Term
| What are the three types of bronchioles and what are the characteristics of each? |
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Definition
Preterminal bronchioles
--branch randomly
Terminal Bronchiole
--does not branch
Respiratory bronchiole
--is the distal most portion of bronciole, which transitions to lung tissue
--opens into squamous cell lined alveoli and alveolar ducts
--alveoli are present in its walls |
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Term
| What effect do mast cells have on the lumenal diameter of the bronchioles? |
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Definition
| Mast cells in the lamina propria detect abnormal activity and release histamine which causes constriction. |
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Term
| What causes chronic bronchitis and what does it result in? |
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Definition
Chronic bronchitis is when the bronchial walls become thickened due to increase thickness of muscles and increased number of mucous glands.
-excessive mucous is expectorated |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to chronic constriction by prolonged contraction of smooth muscles of bronchioles and excessive mucous production |
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Term
| Define and give characteristics of emphysema. |
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Definition
-characterized by the permanent dilation of alveolar ducts and alveoli with destruction of their walls
-elastic support of bronchioles is lost and air is trapped in alveoli during expiration
-found almost exclusively in smokers |
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Term
| The lamina propria of the principle and lobar bronchi contains a lot of what types of fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What controls the diameter of the bronchioles? |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosa. Which is under control of the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| What areas of the respiratory system have stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium? |
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Definition
-nasopharynx
-entrance to nasal cavity
-areas of the larynx exposed to vibrations
-epiglottis |
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Term
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Definition
| Brush cells are columnar cells with microvili and may have a sensory function as they have afferent nerve terminals. |
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Term
| What cells are a component of the endocrine system in the respiratory epithelia? What do they control? |
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Definition
| Granular cells are a part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system and control the activity of smooth muscle cells, cilia, goblet cells, and submucosal glands. |
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Term
| What is another name for the nasal conchae? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. The nerves in the lamina propria olfactory region are myelinated. |
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Definition
| False. The nerves in the lamina propria of the olfactory region are unmyelinated. |
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Term
| How can bronchioles be distinguished from bronchi? |
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Definition
| Bronchioles lack cartilage and glands. |
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