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Histology of the Integumentary System
Histology of the Integumentary System
40
Histology
Professional
10/02/2013

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Cards

Term
o Skin derivatives
Definition
• Sweat glands
• Oil glands
• Hairs
• Nails
Term
• Skin Functions
Definition
o Protects deeper tissues
o Aids in heat regulation
o Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
o Synthesizes vitamin D
Term
Types of damage that can be done to skin
Definition
• Mechanical damage
• Chemical damage
• Bacterial damage
• Thermal damage
• Ultraviolet radiation
• Desiccation (drying out)
Term
o Epidermis
Definition
Layer of keratin and inert material covering the outer surface

• Stratified squamous epithelium

• keratinized (strengthened by keratin)
Term
o Dermis
Definition
• Dense connective tissue

Thin skin

this on palms of the hands and sole of the feet (more exposure to wear and tear)
Term
o Hypodermis
Definition
Deep to dermis


• Anchors skin to underlying organs
• Composed mostly of adipose
Term
Main component of hypodermis
Definition
Adipose tissue
Term
Skin Proper
Definition
Epidermis and Dermis (not hypo)
Term
Name layers of the epidermis
Definition
Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum
Term
Stratum Basale (known as germinative)
Definition
Deepest part of the epidermis
region of cell division (constantly undergoing mitosis)
a single layer of cuboidal-to-columnar cells along the basement membrane...separating epithelium from connective tissue
hemidesmosomes on bottom layer
also contains melanocytes, keratinocytes, and Merkel cells
Term
Stratum Spinosum
Definition
contains mostly keratinocytes (polyhedryl prickle cells with intercellular desmosomes that give it characteristic shape)

cytomorphogenesis occurs here as keratinocyte shape changes

mitotic activity also present here
Term
Stratum Granulosum
Definition
cells appear flattened

cells contain keratohyaline granules in cytoplasm

stains very well with hematoxylin
Term
Which layer of the epidermis os only seen in thick skin, and not thin?
Definition
Stratum Lucidum
Term
Stratum Lucidum
Definition
• Occurs only in thick skin
• thin translucent layer
homogenous appearance to it….cells starting to die

• cells contain eleidin
 protein that refracts light, giving it a clear appearance
Term
eleidin
Definition
 protein that refracts light, giving it a clear appearance

seen in Stratum Lucidum
Term
Stratum Corneum
Definition
• Surface

• Shingle-like dead cells
• Squamous (flattened cells) packed with keratin
• Superficial cells are desquamated
• Apoptosis and end life span
Term
What type of connective tissue composes the dermis?
Definition
irregular dense connective tissue

called the Reticular layer
Term
Rete Pegs
Definition
known as papillary area of the dermis

the thicker the skin, the longer the pegs will be
Term
Langerhan’s cells
Definition
active in immune defense
Term
Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes, keratinocytes, merkel cells?
Definition
Stratum Basale
Term
In which layer of the epidermis are langerhan cells most prominent?
Definition
Stratum Spinosum
Term
2 layers of the dermis
Definition
Papillary and Reticular layers
Term
Papillary Layer of the dermis
Definition
 Projections called dermal papillae/ dermal ridges
 Pain receptors
 Meissner’s corpuscles
 Capillary loops
Term
Reticular layer of the dermis
Definition
Blood vessels as we move close to the epidermis
 Vascular plexus
• A structure in the form of a network, especially of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics
Secretory Glands
Collagen is thicker (coarse bundles)….more extensive level of blood vessels
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
Term
 Krause’s end bulbs
Definition
(visible deep in the reticular layer)

• thermoreceptors in the body. These end bulbs can be found all over the human body. They help the body detect cold temperatures.
Term
 Pacinian Corpuscles
Definition
• An encapsulated receptor found in deep layers of the skin that senses vibratory pressure and touch
located deep in the skin...hypodermis
Term
Are merkel cell endings encapsulated?
Definition
No, they are in the skin proper and come through to the surface

These cells also contain catecholamines
Term
Ruffini corpuscle
Definition
encapsulated nerve endings in the subcutaneous tissue
Term
What surrounds the hair root?
Definition
Dermal and Epidermal sheath
Term
o Melanin
Definition
produced by melanocytes

it's mobile, moving by extending pseudopodia from their cytoplasm to the keratinocytes, which carry melanin to the surface
amount of melanin produced depends on genetics and exposure to sunlight

found mostly in stratum basale
Term
Normal skin color determinants include
Definition
Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
Term
Appendages of the skin
Definition
Sebaceous Glands, Arrector Pilli, Sweat Glands
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
• branched alveolar holocrine (bursting) glands
 as they mature, they move to release points…as cells die…they, plus the sebum (oil) get released to the surface
• basal cells are regenerative located at the periphery of each saccule (small sac
• Found along the hair shaft, as sebum is released, it follows to the surface of the skin
Term
How to sebaceous gland exhibit cytomorphogenesis?
Definition
basal cells at the periphery of each suckle are regenerative

as the glands, move to release point, the cells die

so, the cells + the sebum is released to the surface
Term
Arrector Pilli
Definition
Bundles of smooth muscle
extend from follicle to the papillary layer of dermis
cradle the sebaceous gland
contraction, leads to goosebumps (elevated hair, prevents release of heat, and assistance of delivery of sebum to surface
Term
2 types of sweat glands
Definition
Eccrine (Merocrine) and Apocrine
Term
Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
Definition
simple coiled tubular glands
• 2. secretory portion consists of simple cuboidal epithelium
• 3. myoepithelial cells surround the secretory portion...helps to squeeze sweat out of acinar cells
ducts are stratified cuboidal epithelium (2 layers)
• 5. ducts cells are darker and smaller than the secretory cells
• 6. ducts pierce through epidermal ridges to release sweat to the outside (sweat pores)
Term
Apocrine sweat gland
Definition
• Ducts empty into hair follicles
• Glands are activated at puberty
Term
Sweat composition
Definition
• Mostly water
o Some metabolic waste (i.e. urea)
o Fatty acids and proteins
Term
Sweat functions
Definition
o Helps dissipate excess heat
o Excretes waste products
o Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
• Odor is from associated bacteria
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