Term
| What is the function of KDEL? |
|
Definition
| Signal sequence to return proteins from Golgi to RER. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of mannose 6-phosphate? |
|
Definition
| Signal sequence to direct to lysosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to a lysosome-bound proteins missing mannose 6-phosphate? |
|
Definition
| "Default" pathway of exocytosis. |
|
|
Term
| Describe 'Tay-Sach's' disease. |
|
Definition
| Lysosomal storage disorder; specifc enzyme. |
|
|
Term
| Describe 'I-cell disease'. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the activity of Rab GTPase. |
|
Definition
| Involved in docking vesicles (w/ v-SNARE, t-SNARE). |
|
|
Term
| Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
|
Definition
| Clathrin-coated pits --> vesicle --> early endosome --> multivesicular body --> late endosome + lysosomal vesicle --> lysosome |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the group of intermediate filaments responsible keeping the nucleus intact. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins involved in DNA compaction; H1 is the "linker histone". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smallest unit of chromatin structure; DNA wrapped around a histone. |
|
|
Term
| Which protein's regulate the G1/S and G2/M boundaries? |
|
Definition
| G1/S are mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) and cyclin; they phosphorylate lamins and cause their breakdown. G2/S are mediated by Rb and p53; both are highly associated with tumor development when mutated. Rb works through E2F, when Rb-E2F are complexed the cell cycle doesn't continue. However, when Rb is phosphorylated it is released from E2F and transcription of cell cycle proteins begins. |
|
|
Term
| Describe zonula occludens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe zonula adherens. |
|
Definition
| Actin filaments linking two cells together. |
|
|
Term
| Describe macula adherens. |
|
Definition
| Desmosomes; Intermediate filaments linking two cells together. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| Involved in phagocytosis; major constituent of pus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of basophils? |
|
Definition
| Similar to mast cells; histamine, heparin release. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which collagen is in the majority of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which collagen is found in hyaline cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which collagen is found in reticular networks, supporting organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which collagen is found in basal lamina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What collagen connects connects collagen fibrils to EC matrix? |
|
Definition
| Fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices (FACIT) |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the lacuna that osteoclasts reside in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 major effects of increasing PTH concentrations? |
|
Definition
| Increase: bone resorption, osteoclast activity, ruffled borders development on osteoclasts, 1,25-(OH2)-Vitamin D synthesis in the liver, and Ca++ absorption. |
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical pathway for the activation of osteoclasts by PTH? |
|
Definition
| Increased PTH --> stimulate RANK-L and M-CSF --> produces osteoprotegrin (OPG) to bind RANK-L, which normally binds to RANK on osteoblast to inhibit. The result is activation by absence of RANK-L. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. NOT smooth muscle. |
|
|
Term
| What produces myelin in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces myelin in the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the macrophages in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells produce the blood brain barrier and which cells maintain them? |
|
Definition
| Astrocytes and endothelium respectively. |
|
|
Term
| What is the specific name for transport down an axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the respective location of gray and white matter in the brain, and in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Brain: gray outside, white inside. Spinal cord: white outside, gray inside. |
|
|
Term
| What two major ways are there for regulating blood vessel flow? |
|
Definition
| (1) Sympathetic NS (2) Humoral factors. |
|
|
Term
| What is a major vasoconstrictor, and a two major vasodilators. Include any relevate details. |
|
Definition
| Vasoconstrictor 1: Endothelin-1; Vasodilator: NO; made from L-arg, induces a cGMP cascade. Vasoconstrictor 2: Prostacyclin; works through cAMP and also inhibits platelet adhesion and clot formation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of von Willebrand factor (vWF)? |
|
Definition
| Induces coagulation / thrombus formation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of fibrinolytic tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of E-selecting? |
|
Definition
| Expressed on endothelium, assists extravasation of monocytes and neutrophils. Expression induced in chemokines. |
|
|
Term
| What is one of the effects of hypertension on blood vessel smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| Hyperplasia / hypertension |
|
|
Term
| How can the heart be considered an endocrine gland? |
|
Definition
| Releases ANP, which inhibits vasopression (ADH) release and reduces blood volume. |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of maturation for an RBC from it's primitive lineage? |
|
Definition
| Proerythroblast --> basophilic erythroblast --> polychromatiophilic erythroblast --> orthochromatic erethroblast --> reticulocyte --> erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
| What cells mediate humoral immunity? |
|
Definition
| B cells and T helper cells. |
|
|
Term
| What cells mediate cell-mediated immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells can function as APC's? |
|
Definition
| B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the cellular distribution of MHCI, MHCII? |
|
Definition
| MHCI on virtually all cells, MHCII on T cells. |
|
|
Term
| What CD are immunologically relevant, what cells are they on? |
|
Definition
| CD4+ cells are T helper, CD8+ cells are on T cytoxic |
|
|
Term
| What proteins are used by Tc to kill target cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which critical cytokine activates macrophages, and what cell releases it? |
|
Definition
| Interferon gamma, Th cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary and secondary lymphoid organs? |
|
Definition
| Primary: BM and thymus; Secondary: lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen |
|
|
Term
| What are Hassall's corpuscles? |
|
Definition
| Function unknown, but they're a defining feature of the thymus. |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristic features of lymph nodes and diffuse lymph tissue? |
|
Definition
| Primary and secondary follicles (germinal center) |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristic features of the spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the last portion of the conducting pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first portion of the respiratory portion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a defining feature of respiratory tissue basal lamina? |
|
Definition
| Thin, joint lamina propria shared by type I pneumocytes and endothelium. |
|
|
Term
| What is a defining feature of type II pneumocytes and what is their function? |
|
Definition
| Lamellar bodies and surfactant. |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of surfactant? |
|
Definition
| Sphingomyelin, DPPC, and lecithin |
|
|
Term
| What is the "rule of thumb" for cell type throughout the GI? |
|
Definition
| Simple columnar throughout, and stratified squamous in areas of maximum friction (e.g. esophagus and anus). |
|
|
Term
| What are the products of surface and neck cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the products of chief cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the products of parietal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a defining feature of the parietal cells? |
|
Definition
| Intracellular canaliculi. |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of pancreatic juice? |
|
Definition
| Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases, amylase, and lipase. |
|
|
Term
| How are the enzymes of pancreatic juice activated? |
|
Definition
| Enterokinase (of the microvilli) activates trypsinogen to trypsin, which in turn activates the rest. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of fat digestion and transport to target tissues. |
|
Definition
| Emuslified in bile --> lipases break down into FA's and glycerol --> transported into cell --> repackaged into chylomicron --> transport across basolateral membrane via exocytosis --> picked up by lacteals --> processed by liver into a new form, VLDL's --> transported to target tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of enterocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Paneth cells? |
|
Definition
| Lysozyme, defensin, cryptidin production. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of goblet cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of enteroendocrine cells? |
|
Definition
| Secretion of peptide hormones. |
|
|
Term
| What is a major histological difference between the small and large intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prominent cell in the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three major salivary glands? |
|
Definition
| Parotid, submandibular, sublingual. |
|
|
Term
| What hormones regulate the exocrine pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of CCK on the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates the acinar cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of secretin on the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What endocrine proteins does the liver make? |
|
Definition
| Albumin, fibrinogen, and other coagulation proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major enzymes involved in EtOH detoxification in hepatocytes, and where do they originate in the cell? |
|
Definition
| Alcohol dehydrogenase (mitochondria), microsomal ethanol oxidation system (MEOS; mitochondria), and catalase (peroxisome). |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of a hepatocyte with relation to the major liver vessels. |
|
Definition
| Bile canaliculus is apical, junctional complex is lateral, and hepatic sinusoids are basal. |
|
|
Term
| What is the space of Disse? |
|
Definition
| A space between the basal portion of a hepatocyte and the liver venous sinusoid. |
|
|
Term
| What cells line the liver sinusoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of cirrhosis on stellate cells? |
|
Definition
| They're converted into myofibroblasts. |
|
|
Term
| What are the APC's of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the embryological origin of the adenohypophysis? |
|
Definition
| Oral ectoderm; Rathke's pouch. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of prolactin and what is it's classification? |
|
Definition
| Promote lactation; acidophilic cell of adenohypophysis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of growth hormone and what is it's classification? |
|
Definition
| Promote generalized growth; acidophilic cell of adenohypophysis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of LH and what is it's classification? |
|
Definition
| Promote steroid production; basophilic cell of adenohypophysis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of FSH and what is it's classification? |
|
Definition
| Promote gamete production; basophilic cell of adenohypophysis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of TSH and what is it's classification? |
|
Definition
| Promotes stimulation of T3/T4; basophilic cell of adenohypophysis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of ACTH and what is it's classification? |
|
Definition
| Promotes stimulation of adrenal cortex; basophilic cell of adenohypophysis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of oxytocin and what is it's classification? |
|
Definition
| Promote lacation; neurohypophysis, but synthesized in supraoptic nuclei in hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of vasopression (ADH) and what is it's classification? |
|
Definition
| Promote water reabsorption and increase blood pressure; neurohypophysis, but made in paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the major product of the adult adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
| Epinephrine (minor norepinephrine). |
|
|
Term
| What is the majorproduct of the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the adrenal cortex and their products? |
|
Definition
| Zona glomerulosa: aldosterone, zona fasciculata: cortisol / DHEA(S), zona reticularis: DHEA(S) / cortisol |
|
|
Term
| What is the embryonic origin of the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the embryonic origin of the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cell producing the major hormones of the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. |
|
Definition
| Enzyme deficiency leads to hyperplasia of adrenal cortex and elevated ACTH production. Female genitalia will virilize. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Cushing's syndrome. |
|
Definition
| Hypercortisolism due to enzyme deficience. More common in women than men. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Addison's Disease. |
|
Definition
| Primary adrenal insufficiency, often autoimmune in origin. |
|
|
Term
| Which cells produce T3/T4? |
|
Definition
| Follicular cells of thyroid. |
|
|
Term
| Which cells produce calcitonin? |
|
Definition
| C-cells of thyroid aka Parafollicular cells. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Hashimoto's thyroiditis. |
|
Definition
| Autoimmune attack on thyroid --> hypothyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autoimmune attack on TSH receptors --> hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
| What gland produces melatonin and what is the stimulus? |
|
Definition
| Pineal gland; stimulated by darkness. |
|
|
Term
| What cells produce insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells produce glucagon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Type I Diabetes. |
|
Definition
| Autoimmune against insulin production. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Type II Diabetes. |
|
Definition
| Desensitized against insulin at target tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What cells are scattered throughout the body with generalized endocrine function, and at what "level" do they operate. |
|
Definition
| Enteroendocrine cells; paracrine / autocrine level. |
|
|
Term
| Detail the stages of sperm maturation. |
|
Definition
| Spermatogonia --> primary spermatocyte --> secondary spermatocyte --> spermatid --> mature sperm |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the sertoli cell? |
|
Definition
| Blood-testis barrier, nourish speratocytes, produce AMH, ABP, and inhibin. |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is in the epididymis? |
|
Definition
| Psuedostratified with sterocilia. |
|
|
Term
| What are the products of the epididymis? |
|
Definition
| Fructose and spermatazoa-activing proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What are the products of the prostate? |
|
Definition
| Enzymes for liquidification of ejaculate. |
|
|
Term
| Detail the stages of oocyte maturation. |
|
Definition
| Oogonia --> primary oocyte --> secondary oocyte --> ova |
|
|
Term
| Detail the various forms of follicular development. |
|
Definition
| Primordial follicle --> primary follicle --> secondary follicle -> mature (Graafian) follicle |
|
|
Term
| What are the cellular changes that occur after ovulation? |
|
Definition
| Granulosa --> granulosa lutein, lutein cells --> granulosa lutein. |
|
|
Term
| What maintains the corpus luteum upon pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| hCG, the LH-like hormone produced first by the syncitiotrophoblast and then by the placenta. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
| (1) follicular phase, (2) proliferative phase |
|
|
Term
| What hormone predominates in the follicular phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone predominates in the proliferative phase? |
|
Definition
| Progesterone, with still reasonable levels of estrogen; LH stimulated. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major components of the placenta after implantation? |
|
Definition
| Chorion (placental), and decidua basalis(maternal) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the photosensitive layer of the retina originate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the contents and action of rhodopsin in visual signal transduction. |
|
Definition
| Rhodopsin (retinal + opsin) + UV --> conformational change which leads to dissocation of retinal-opsin complex --> decrease in cGMP levels --> closure of membrane sodium channels --> hyperpolarization of photoreceptor cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Center of the retina; contains all cones. |
|
|
Term
| What is the embryologic origin of the lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may cause cataracts? |
|
Definition
| UV and/or high glucose levels. |
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the eye carries the supportive vasculature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the eye supports the shape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces the aqueous humor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do we find teh aqueous humor, in what compartment? |
|
Definition
| Anterior compartment, between the lens and the iris. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the angle of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the aqueous humor drain? |
|
Definition
| canal of Schlemm in the iridocorneal angle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intraocular pressure generated by blockage of the canal of Schlemm. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two transduction systems / functions of the ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the embryonic origin of the external ear? |
|
Definition
| First two branchial arches. |
|
|
Term
| What forms the three bones of teh middle ear? |
|
Definition
| First two arch cartilages. |
|
|
Term
| What are the inner contents of the inner ear? |
|
Definition
| Membranous labyrinth, bony labyrinth |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the semicircular canal? |
|
Definition
| Provide rotational information to the cristae ampullaris |
|
|
Term
| What structures pick up rotational information in the ear? |
|
Definition
| Cristae ampullaris in the inner ear |
|
|
Term
| What structures pick up horizontal and vertical information in the inner ear? |
|
Definition
| Utricle for horizontal and saccule for vertical motion. |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure in the ear that registers different frequencies? |
|
Definition
| Organ of corti. Stiffer hairs are closer to the tympanic membrane and detect higher frequencies, and softer hairs are further in and detect lower frequencies. |
|
|
