Term
| What are the four basic tissues in the body? |
|
Definition
| connective, muscle, nerve, epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Which germ layer(s) does epithelium arise from? |
|
Definition
| ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
|
|
Term
| Which tissues arise from ectoderm? |
|
Definition
| oral/nasal mucosa, skin and mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| Which tissues arise from the endoderm? |
|
Definition
| liver, pancreas, lining of respiratory and GI tracts |
|
|
Term
| Which tissues arise from the mesoderm? |
|
Definition
| muscle, blood, bone, endothelium |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of epithelial tissues? |
|
Definition
| protection, transport, secretion, absorption, sensation |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of epithelium? |
|
Definition
-very little matrix
-avascular
-regenerative
-have polarity
-structural modifications (karetin, cilia, etc) |
|
|
Term
| Where can simple squamous epithelium be found? |
|
Definition
-Bowman's capsule (kidney)
-alveolus
-blood vessels
-mesothelium/serosa |
|
|
Term
| Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found? |
|
Definition
-inactive thyroid
-kidney cortex
-excretory ducts |
|
|
Term
| Where can simple columnar epithelium be found? |
|
Definition
-stomach/intestine
-active thyroid
-ducts of certain glands |
|
|
Term
| What is a common modification seen on simple columnar epithelium? |
|
Definition
| cilia or microvilli on apical end |
|
|
Term
| Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found? |
|
Definition
-trachea
-male reproductive system |
|
|
Term
| What is a common modification seen on pseudostratified columnar epithelium? |
|
Definition
| cilia (NEVER microvilli!) |
|
|
Term
| Which types of cells have a nucleus packed with mostly heterochromatin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of cell has a prominent nucleolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of cells have prominent ribosomes? |
|
Definition
| plasma cells (B-lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the smooth ER? |
|
Definition
| biosynthesis of steroids, drug detox, calcium ion pumping and sequestration |
|
|
Term
| Which tissue type uses smooth ER for drug detox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tissue type uses smooth ER for steriod synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tissue type uses smooth ER for calcium? |
|
Definition
| smooth/striated muscle (SR) |
|
|
Term
| Which tissue type has a prominent golgi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of lysosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some inflammatory diseases due to release of lysosomal enzymes? |
|
Definition
| gout, rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
| What are some lysosomal storage diseases? |
|
Definition
-Pompe's (accumulation of gycogen, heart failure)
-Tay Sach's (assumulation of sphingolipids, affects nerves)
-Danon's disease (accumulation of vacuoles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain catalase, have permeable membranes, contain a crystalline core |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of peroxisomes? |
|
Definition
| breakdown H2O2 and excess fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| What is a disease associated with peroxisomes? |
|
Definition
| X-ALD (accumulation of long chain fatty acids) |
|
|
Term
| Where are mitochondria present abundantly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the function of the inner membrane of the mito? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the widest filaments in a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the function of microtubules? |
|
Definition
-flagella and cilia (9 + 2 axoneme)
-sytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| What are intermediate filaments? |
|
Definition
-tonofilaments (10 nm)
-keratin and desmin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-actin (6 nm)
-cell motility and organelle transport |
|
|
Term
| What are myosin filaments? |
|
Definition
| -contraction, transport (15 nm) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four different types of chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric |
|
|
Term
| What are microvilli made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sterocilia made of? |
|
Definition
| actin (they are just long microvilli) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the apical cell surface specializations from the longest to the shortest. |
|
Definition
| stereocilia, cilia, microvilli |
|
|
Term
| Where is stratified squamous epithelium located? |
|
Definition
| epidermis, mouth lining, vagina |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium? |
|
Definition
corneum
lucidum
granulosum
spinosum
basale
--------
basement membrane
from deep to superficial: Boy She Greatly Lacks Character |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium? |
|
Definition
freed squamous scales (pycnotic)
spinosum
basale
-------
basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| Where are simple cuboidal and simple columnar epithelium found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is transitional epithelium found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of glands are ductless whose secretion is taken up by the blood or lymph? |
|
Definition
| endocrine glands (thyroid gland) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of glands secrete products via ducts? |
|
Definition
| exocrine glands (sweat glands, goblet cells!) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of gland doesn't branch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of gland branches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three modes of secretion of glands? |
|
Definition
| merocrine, holocrine, apocrine |
|
|
Term
| What is merocrine secretion? |
|
Definition
| product release by exocytosis (salivary, sweat glands) |
|
|
Term
| What is holocrine secretion? |
|
Definition
| the entire cell breaks down and becomes the secretory product (sebaceous glands) |
|
|
Term
| What is apocrine secretion? |
|
Definition
| secretion accumulates at the cell's apical end and pinches off (axillary sweat glands) |
|
|
Term
| Glands can be classified based on what? |
|
Definition
-structure
-mode of secretion
-nature of product |
|
|
Term
| What are the three classifications of glands based on the nature of the product? |
|
Definition
-mucous (irregular shaped lumens, pale stain)
-serous (regular lumen, secretory granules at apical end)
-mixed |
|
|
Term
| What is the terminal web? |
|
Definition
| anchoring structure of actin filaments in microvillus and fascia adherens at the lateral region of columnar epithelia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actin filaments crosslinked by villin and anchored by terminal web with glycocalyx at the tip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microtubules (axoneme) in 9 + 1 arrangement, anchored by basal body |
|
|
Term
| What is a tight junction? |
|
Definition
-aka zonula occludens
-extends around entire perimeter |
|
|
Term
| What is the zonula adherens? |
|
Definition
-aka fascia adherens
-consists of actin filaments linked by cadherins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-STRONGEST!
-bound by intermediate filaments (tonofilaments) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aka nexus
-bridged connexins
-used for communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchor the epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| What is the layer between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the basal lamina? |
|
Definition
-lamina lucida (firbonectin)
-lamina densa (lamanin) |
|
|
Term
| What germ layer do connective tissues arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two kinds of embryonic connective tissues? |
|
Definition
-mesenchyme (gives rise to all connective tissue)
-mucous (gives rise to the umbilical cord) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of adult fibrous connective tissue? |
|
Definition
-loose areolar connective tissue
-dense irregular/regular c.t.
-reticular (lymphatic) tissue
-adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of connective tissue fibers? |
|
Definition
-collagen fibers
-elastic fibers
-reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are the fiber synthesizing cells? |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, reticular cells, smooth muscle cells, chondroblasts, odontoblasts, osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
| Go through the steps of collagen biosynthesis. |
|
Definition
INTRACELLULAR
-Uptake of aa
-all the steps of making a protein
-exocytosis of procollagen
EXTRACELLULAR
-cleav procollagen to make tropocollagen
-tropocollagen polymerizes into collagen fibril
-fibrils form collagen fiber
-collagen fibers for collagen bundle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease with excessive c.t., impairs blood flow and swallowing |
|
|
Term
| What is the common aa composition of collagen? |
|
Definition
| glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine |
|
|
Term
| What is the aa composition of elastic fibers? |
|
Definition
| glycine, proline, desmosine, isodesmosine |
|
|
Term
| What are reticular fibers? |
|
Definition
-Collagen Type III
-seen in lymphatic organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unbranched polysaccharide chain composed of repeating disaccharide units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein core - tetrasaccharide - nGAGs |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell is a reserved mesenchymal cell for capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell type is found in the bone marrow and produces Type III collagen fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are dendritic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is dense irregular connective tissue found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is dense regular connective tissue found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major groups of GAGs? |
|
Definition
-hyaluronan
-chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate
-heparan sulfate and heparin
-keratan |
|
|
Term
| What are the specialized names for muscle cell membrane and cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the connective tissues seen around skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| perimysium and endomysium |
|
|
Term
| What are the two myofilaments seen in skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| myosin (thick) and actin (thin) |
|
|
Term
| What is the connective tissue found between muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
| endomysium (surrounds cell) |
|
|
Term
| What is the fibrous sheath around each fascicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fibrous sheath around the whole muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of muscle fibers/cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick filament composed of myosin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light band composed of actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the center of the A band, forms bridge between adjacent thick filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region where only the myosin tails exist |
|
|
Term
| What muscles contract, what happens to the A, I, and H bands? |
|
Definition
A-band = stays the same
I-band = smaller
H-band = smaller |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle cells are red fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle cells are white fibers? |
|
Definition
| glycolytic, anaerobic, fast |
|
|
Term
| Where does the T-tubule exist in mammalian skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the T-tubule exist in mammalian cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two receptors important during Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)? |
|
Definition
SR - ryanodine receptor
T-tubule - DHPR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Seen in skeletal muscle
-SR:T:SR |
|
|
Term
| What do cardiac muscle fibers look like? |
|
Definition
-centrally located nucleus
-branched
-many large mitos
-cell called a myocyte |
|
|
Term
| What are the intercalated discs? |
|
Definition
-cardiac muscle cell jct
-permit rapid spread of contractile stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-intermediate filaments (do not pass!)
-cellular cohesion |
|
|
Term
| What is the fascia adherens? |
|
Definition
| anchor for actin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nexus
-rapid communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is special about the Z-line in myofibrils? |
|
Definition
| intermediate filaments are at the Z-line |
|
|
Term
| What is the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)? |
|
Definition
-myoendocrine organ
-associated with atrial granules
-involved in salt-water balance |
|
|
Term
| List some modified cardiac cells. |
|
Definition
-SA node
-AV node
-AV bundle of His
-Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are some features of Purkinje fibers? |
|
Definition
-large
-few myofibrils
-often have 2 nuclei
-pretty much empty besides some mitos and glycogen |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Purkinje fibers? |
|
Definition
| rapid transmission of the signal impulse to coordinate contraction of whole myocardium |
|
|
Term
| What does smooth muscle look like? |
|
Definition
| elongated and flat, unstriated, central nucleus, poor capillary networks, NO T-TUBULES or Z-lines, poorly developed SR |
|
|
Term
| How is smooth muscle contraction regulated? |
|
Definition
-stretch (bladder)
-nerve impulse (vasomotors)
-hormones (oxytocin) |
|
|
Term
| What is the regulation of skeletal muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
-motor end plate releases ACh
-sarcolemma depolarizes
-T-tubule transduces signal
-SR pumps Ca++
-CA++ binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin to open binding site on actin
-myosin can now bind actin with ATP = contraction! |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles do not have a motor end plate? |
|
Definition
-cardiac and smooth
-calcium induced calcium release muscle (CICR)
-influx of EXTRACELLULAR Ca++ |
|
|
Term
| What is isotonic contraction? |
|
Definition
| sarcomere length shortens |
|
|
Term
| What is isometric contraction? |
|
Definition
| sarcomere length stays the same |
|
|
Term
| Describe tension force vs sarcomere length. |
|
Definition
| The number of myosin cross bridges formed with actin filament is proportional to the force generation |
|
|
Term
| What is the polarity of the actin and myosin filaments? |
|
Definition
actin = one direction
myosin = two directions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fetal muscle fibers develop together with connective tissue and the capillary system |
|
|
Term
| What is muscle regeneration? |
|
Definition
| muscle fibers form and must adapt to pre-existing endomysial framework |
|
|
Term
| What are the muscle regeneration cells? |
|
Definition
| satellite cells (reserved myoblasts) |
|
|
Term
| What do satellite cells look like? |
|
Definition
-located between sarcolemme and endomysium
-usually need electron microscope to see
-lots of membrane around it
-no myofilaments
-more often associated with red (slow) fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is the (presumed) in vivo pathway of regeneration? |
|
Definition
-fiber contracts locally forming contraction clot
-Ca protease activated, phagocytes remove cell debris
-satellite cells proliferate in basal lamina and fuse with each other and remaining fiber fragments |
|
|
Term
| How does cardiac muscle regenerate? |
|
Definition
-it doesn't :(
-no satellite cells |
|
|
Term
| How does smooth muscle regenerate? |
|
Definition
-very active regeneration!
-no satellite cells, but fibroblasts prolly contribute |
|
|
Term
| What kind of growth is seen in skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| hypertrophy (increased size) NOT hyperplasia (increase number) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of factors affect growth? |
|
Definition
-load
-nutrition
-growth hormones
-temperatures
-genetics
-age
-sex
-stretch (avian wing muscles) |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? |
|
Definition
-gene for dystrophin (sarcolemma protein) missing
-cases leaky membranes, Ca++ influx
-Ca++ influx leads to protease activation and digestion of myfibril proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is muscular dysgenesis? |
|
Definition
-gene for DHP reception of T-tubule missing
-no signal transmission to SR, no excitation, no contraction |
|
|
Term
| What is malignant hyperthermia? |
|
Definition
-results from anesthesia
-binds ryanodine receptor of SR
-can lead to continuous Ca++ release
***need IV dantrolene sodium to close Ca++ channels*** |
|
|
Term
| What is myasthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
-autoimmune
-reduced ACh release and AChR present
-weak force generation |
|
|
Term
| What are neuromuscular spindles? |
|
Definition
-stretch receptors in skeletal muscle ONLY
-regulates muscle tone
-involved in fine precision movements |
|
|
Term
| What do neuromuscular spindles look like? |
|
Definition
-encapsulated, lymph-filled
-associated with afferent and efferent neurons
-lie parallel to muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the bronchus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the bronchiole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast structures in a bronchus to structures in a bronchiole. |
|
Definition
BRONCHUS
-cartilage
-glands
-warm, filter, humidify
-smooth muscle
-goblet cells
-tall epithelium
-cilia
BRONCHIOLE
-no cartilage
-no glands
-gas exchange
-smooth muscle
-clara cells
-short epithelium
-cilia |
|
|
Term
| What is the site of gas exchange in the bird lung? |
|
Definition
| atrium gives rise to air and blood capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What is a Type I pneumocyte? |
|
Definition
-responsible for gas exchange
-comprise majority of alveolus
-cannot replicate |
|
|
Term
| What is a Type II pneumocyte? |
|
Definition
-replicate to replace damaged Type I pneumocytes
-found in the alveolar-septal jct
-secrete surfactant |
|
|
Term
| During endocytosis, what is the fusion product of the phagosome and the primary lysosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells lack tight junctions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of junction(s) does skeletal muscle have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle has dense bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What zone in striated muscle has thick filaments surrounded by six thin filaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle has thick filaments surrounded by randomly dispersed actin filaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which band has only thick filaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which band has only thin filaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many motor end plates are there in muscles? |
|
Definition
-one NMJ per muscle cell
-EXCEPTION! neuromuscular spindles have several cuz they're involved in reflexes |
|
|
Term
| What are distinct muscle cell components? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the subunits of troponin and their functions? |
|
Definition
Troponin-C = binds Ca++
Troponin-T = binds tropomyosin
Troponin-I = binds actin |
|
|
Term
| How does muscle regenerate? |
|
Definition
| satellite cells (spindle-shaped, do NOT have myosin/actin) |
|
|
Term
| List the types of muscle that regenerate from fastest to slowest. |
|
Definition
| smooth >> skeletal > cardiac (no regen) |
|
|
