Term
True or False: Hematoxylin is a basic dye that targets acidic substances and stains blue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the best EM method for studying surface topography |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nuclear lamina is which type of cystoskeletal element |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True of False: the ER is continuous with the inside of the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| False, it is continuous with the space between the 2 layers of nuclear membrane. |
|
|
Term
| chromosomes are tethered to the ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ribosomal synthesis occurs in... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 cell types likely to have abundant SER |
|
Definition
1. Cells making steroid hormones 2. Cells involved in lipis processing or detox 3. Cells that store glycogen 4. Cells that require huge intracellular Ca stores (muscle) |
|
|
Term
| True of False: fat droplets are membrane bounded |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 major classes of cytoskeleton proteins |
|
Definition
1. microtubules 2. microfilaments 3. intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
| True of False: the majority of cellular membrane is in the plasma membrane and nucleus |
|
Definition
| false: majority in RER and mitochondrial inner membrane |
|
|
Term
| True or False: SER and RER are continuous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| t-ER (transitional)--forms secretory vesicles |
|
|
Term
| proteins exit the Golgi on the Cis/trans side? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ Golgi network recognizes KDEL receptor on ER resident proteins |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ligand-receptor fates: endocytosis of LDL receptor |
|
Definition
| ligand degraded, receptor recycled |
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|
Term
| ligand and receptor recycled (example) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ligand and receptor both degraded (down-regulated) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ligand and receptor transcytosed |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the phagosome fuses with intracellular _________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: COPII coatomer is for retrograde transport |
|
Definition
| false, anterograde (COP I is retrograde) |
|
|
Term
| uptake of large volumes of ECF is called _____________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| accumulation of lysosomal debris, particularly in long-lived cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which cytoskeletal elements express dynamic instability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the motor protein associated with thin filaments |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| basal bodies are associated with which motile structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: the centriole is a set of microtubule doublets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell motility is mediated by MT, TF, or IF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: unlike MT and TF, IF have energy-independent assembly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the four basic tissue types |
|
Definition
| epithelia, connective tissue, muscle, nerves |
|
|
Term
| the 3 main components of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| fibrillar ECM and ground substance with cells that make ECM |
|
|
Term
| proteoglycan are _____ modified by __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the thin sheet of ECM under the basal layer of an epithelium is called ______ _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true of false: the ECM regulates cell proliferation, survival, cell motility, and angiogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type I collagen is found in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type II collagen is found in _______ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| type __ collagen forms sheets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is a dimerigic glycoprotein that supports cell migration and adhesion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are trimeric glycoproteins and key components of the basal lamina |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ECM components that are important for wound healing |
|
Definition
| fibronectin and laminin and tenascin (fibronectin and tenscin important in embryo) |
|
|
Term
| laminins act on cells through the ______ receptor to give epithelial cells their identity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ bridges the ECM and the cytoskelton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ are also called hexabrachions and modulate cell-fibronectin interactions to promote cell motility |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this ECM protein is often found in metastatic tumors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ are transmembrane proteoglycans that can bind ECM glycoproteins via heparin sulfate and glycosaminoglycans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a transmembrane dimeric receptor where ligand binding can induce signaling pathways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the alpha-5-beta-1 integrin is the ________ receptor (laminin, tenascin, fibronectin, syndecan, GAG) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neural crest cell migration can be inhibited by knocking-out which ECM component |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ are formed by fibroblasts and make smooth muscle actins to pull wounds shut |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a calcium dependent homotypic TM protein |
|
Definition
| cadherin (E-type in epithelia, N-type in nervous system) |
|
|
Term
| _________ bind cadherins to the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: cadherins first join 2 together on the same cell, then join 2 on a neighboring cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cancers that have lost cadherins are generally more/less invasive |
|
Definition
| more (if cadherins present, less invasive cancer) |
|
|
Term
| calcium dependent heterotypic TM protein |
|
Definition
| selectins (bind selectin receptor) |
|
|
Term
| a cell-adhesion molecule that mediates leukocyte entry through blood vessel endothelial cells into CT compartment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a calcium independent homotypic cell-adhesion molecule (such as NCAM, which holds neurons/ axons together in ganglia) |
|
Definition
| IgG-like adhesion molecules |
|
|
Term
| __________ link the ECM to the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decribe the molecules involved in a focal adhesion complex |
|
Definition
| outside cell = ECM components (e.g. fibronectin); integrin is TM protein; inside cell = talin, vinculin etc. attached to microfilaments |
|
|
Term
| true or false: focal adhesion compexes can mediate cell motility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: integrins are dimeric ECM receptors with alpha and beta subunits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: in inside-out signaling, when talin is bound, the integrin is folded up |
|
Definition
| false; the binding of talin unfolds the integrin and exposes the ligand-binding site |
|
|
Term
| true or false: reduced catenin expression correlates with poor prognosis in cancer patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: the empty bladder is stratified squamous |
|
Definition
| false: stratified cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| major collagen component of lamina densa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: the lamina lucida contains laminin and is in direct contact with the basal epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the charge based filtration barrier of the basal lamina |
|
Definition
| perlican (negative charged proteoglygan) |
|
|
Term
| true or false: the zonula adherens is a belt-like junction that defines the apical and baso-lateral compartments |
|
Definition
| false: the zonula occludens defines them (tight junction) |
|
|
Term
| adherens junctions use ________ to anchor ______ filaments between cells, creating a "supercytoskeleton" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the terminal web consists of which cytoskeletal component |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the macula adherens form __________ and ___________, which use cadherins and integrins (respectively) for linkage to intracellular ______ |
|
Definition
| desmosome; hemidesmosome; intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
| spot-type junctions that form a 6 connexin barrel, called a connexon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cadherins link cells to _______, while integrins link cells to ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| apical membrane specializations such as ______ and _______ serve and absorptive role, which ______ are motile |
|
Definition
| microvilli; stereocilia; cilia |
|
|
Term
| true or false: an exocrine can secrete it's products onto a free surface or into the surrounding connective tissue |
|
Definition
| false: endocrine glands secrete into the CT |
|
|
Term
| the stroma of a gland refers to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| features of an intercalated duct |
|
Definition
| low cuboidal; stem cell for gland renewal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abrupt transition; basal infoldings; columnar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| little modification; columnar to stratified columnar |
|
|
Term
| intralobular ducts include ______ and ______ |
|
Definition
| intercalated and striated |
|
|
Term
| true or false: myoepithelial cells can surround acini but are never found around ducts |
|
Definition
| false: they can surround both |
|
|
Term
| which large gland has no myoepithelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "typical" cell secretion with no loss of membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| method of secretion in sebaceous glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| method of secretion of lipid-rich products in mammary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: the ground substance of connective tissue blood ultrafiltrate and large carbohydrate macromolecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: fat and blood are types of connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the disease Scurvy stems from a deficiency in ____________, and amino acid necessary to forming the collagen triple helix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: dense connective tissue contains more cell types than loose |
|
Definition
| false (dense is mostly just fibroblasts) |
|
|
Term
| type of collagen in areolar CT, bone and tendons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of collagen found in reticular tissue and skin |
|
Definition
| type III (doesn't form fibrils) |
|
|
Term
| type of collagen in cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of collagen in the lamina densa of basal lamina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| synthesis of collagen occurs inside/ outside the cell that makes it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: most collagen is formed from cells of mesenchymal origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most collagen in CT is made by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surface epithelial cells would most likely make which type of collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: dense connective tissue includes areolar, dense regular, dense irregular, and reticular |
|
Definition
| false; areolar and reticular are loose CT |
|
|
Term
| the hydrated gel of loose CT is formed mostly by which GAG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the structureal glycoprotein that links collagen to cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| areolar loose CT just below a moist epithelium in the GI, urinary, repiratory, and reproductive tracts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the 6 resident cells of areolar CT (3 are derived from immigrant cells) |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, adipose cells (only one not mobile); plasma cells, mast cells, macrophages |
|
|
Term
| name the 5 immigrant cells that may enter the areolar loose CT from the blood (which 1 is long-lived) |
|
Definition
| lymphocyte (long-lived) neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte |
|
|
Term
| the cell type that makes most of the ECM (collagen, elastic fibers, HA, proteoglycans) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plasma cells are derived from _________ and secrete ________ constitutively |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monocytes differentiate into _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these cells can become viral reservoirs yet are also antigen-presenting cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| derived from bone marrow and secrete histamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connective tissue in bone marrow and lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
| reticular (type III collagen) |
|
|
Term
| a special type of fibroblast that makes type III collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the exception to the notion that resident cells of areolar CT are long-lived |
|
Definition
| plasma cells (secrete continuously for several weeks then die) |
|
|
Term
| submucosa and dermis are examples of which type of CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: tendons are dense regular CT while ligaments and blood vessels walls are dense irregular |
|
Definition
| false, all are dense regular |
|
|
Term
| true or false: myofibroblasts are derived from fibroblasts but are not mitotically active |
|
Definition
| false; mitosis will produce more myofibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| a foreign body giant cell is a collection of fused __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells that have both pro- and anti-inflammatory response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: leukotrienes contain SRSA and are faster acting than histamine |
|
Definition
| false: they are slower acting |
|
|
Term
| true or false: plasma cells secrete IgE, which can activate mast cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: immigrant cells are more abundant in blood than platelets |
|
Definition
| false: platelets (1/20 RBC); immigrant cells (1/600 RBC) |
|
|
Term
| true or false: platelets secrete serotonin, which vasoconstricts blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: platelts normally have pseudopodia to "walk" around in blood vessels but when activated assume a round shape in order to stack better |
|
Definition
| false: activation leads to pseudopodia |
|
|
Term
| the precursor cell for platelets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the granular leukocytes |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
|
|
Term
| which types of leukocytes are mononuclear |
|
Definition
| non-granular (lymphocytes, monocytes) |
|
|
Term
| which type of lymphocyte is more common and which type of immunity does it mediate |
|
Definition
| T-lymphocyte (80%), cell-mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
| order the relative frequencies (monocyte, lymphyocyte, basophil, neutorphil, eosinophil) |
|
Definition
| neutrophils >> lymphocytes > monocytes > eosinophils > basophils |
|
|
Term
| anti-imflammatory cells that are also phagocytic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| non-phagocytic cells similar to mast cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the A band of muscle contains |
|
Definition
| thick filaments (plus overlap with thin filaments on ends) |
|
|
Term
| true or false: intercalated discs contain desmosomes, fascia adherens, external lamina but no gap junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in skeletal muscle, cells are linked end-to-end in ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: both skeletal and cardiac muscle contain satellite cells, which are precursor cells for regeneration |
|
Definition
| false; cardiac cells cannot regenerate |
|
|
Term
| true or false: all 3 types of muscle use t-tubules to speed up contraction |
|
Definition
| false: smooth muscle has no t-tubules |
|
|
Term
| ________ divides muscle into fascicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the external lamina of cardiac cells is analogous to what structure in skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only stem cells that can become ALL cell types |
|
Definition
| totipotent (pluripotent cannot become extraembryonic structures) |
|
|
Term
| embryonic stem cells are harvested from the ________ of the ________ |
|
Definition
| inner cell mass; blastocyst |
|
|
Term
| true or false: the inner cell mass will form endo/meso/ and ectoderm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nervous system, skin and connective organs arise from which germ layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: somatic nuclear transfer creates a viable embryo |
|
Definition
| true (embryoid bodies are not viable) |
|
|
Term
| true or false: IDEAL progenitor cells are self-replicating but may also be tumorigenic |
|
Definition
| false: they are not tumorigenic |
|
|
Term
| motor neurons are _____polar, while sensory neurons are ___polar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nissl bodies refer to which organelle of the neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unlike the perimysium, the perineurium is _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cytochrome C/ caspases and membrane blebbing are signals of ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false: after DNA fragmentation, the cell is not committed to apoptosis until loss of mitochondria occurs |
|
Definition
| false: DNA fragmentation is irreversible (cell then shrinks etc) |
|
|
Term
| True or false: in heart failure, there is an increase in Fas (death receptors) due to left ventricular hypertrophy |
|
Definition
| true (even I couldn't make that one up) |
|
|
Term
| colony forming units are found in which organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the principle factor for regulation of circulating RBC level |
|
Definition
| erythropoetin from kidney |
|
|
Term
| true or false: fibroblasts in the tunica media make CT |
|
Definition
| false: there are fibroblasts in the adventitia (along with smooth muscle), but it is the smooth muscle cells in the media that make ECM |
|
|
Term
| a prominent feature unique to muscular arteries is an _______ ________ _______, and in larger vessels, an ______ _______ ________ |
|
Definition
| internal elastic lamina; external EL |
|
|
Term
| Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is a defect in type ____ collagen that causes blood vessels to rupture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pluripotent cells in continuous capillaries/ venules that can differentiate into osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and SM |
|
|
Term
| the main site of leukocyte emigration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purkinje fibers are found in which heart layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elastic cartilage is found ______ |
|
Definition
| external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| intervertebral disks are ______ cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
