Histology is the study of_______

Tissues

Name the three major components of a tissue

Tissue fluid

Cells

Intercellular substance

The cell substance which is a part of the protoplasm and lies outside the confines of the nucleus and inside the cell membrane is called _________.

Cytoplasm

Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum are called ________.

Organelles

Found within the nucleus

Chromatin

Breakdown foreign substance

Lysosomes

Energy Production

Mitochondria

Packages and transports protein

Golgi Body

Protein Synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Tissues are classified into four groups which are epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and _______.

Nervous Tissue

The epithelium of the skin is described as being

not simple squamous,

simple cuboidal,

or stratified cuboidal

The structure which separates the epithelium from the underlying connective tissue in mucous membrane or skin is called the _______.

basement membrane

 Referring to question 12, the membrane has two parts.  They are the ______ lamina from the epithelium and the _______ lamina from the connective tissue.

basal lamina

reticular lamina

 The type of epithelium lining the urinary bladder is ________ ________.

Transitional Epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium would be found...

as the lining of the blood vessels

 The tissue lining the upper respiratory tract is characteristically...

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

biopsy                                 A. paraffin used     

embedding                           B. Microtome used

staining                               C. Scalpel used

fixation                                D. Hematoxylin and  sectioning                                 Eosin used

                                           E. Formalin used

Biopsy -scalpel used

Embedding -paraffin used

Staining -Hematoxylin and Eosin used

Fixation -Formalin used

Sectioning -Microtome used

The deepest cells in stratified squamous epithelium which constitute the basal layer are actually cuboidal in shape.

T or F

True

The keratinized layer in skin shows the nuclei of the cells clearly.

T or F

False

Epithelial tissues do not contain blood vessels.

T or F

True

Epithelial tissues contain very little intercellular substance.

T or F

True

 Connective tissue differs from epithelium in that the connective tissue contains more intercellular substance than the epithelium.

T or F

True

Internal organs are held together by fascia which is...

Areolar Connective Tissue

The fibers of connective tissue are formed by...

Fibroblasts

A relatively small number of cells with a thin network of fibrous intercellular substance all held together by a large amount of ground substance is characteristic of which kind of connective tissue?

Loose or Areolar

What kind of connective tissue makes up tendons and ligaments?

Fibrous

The connective tissue which is always associated with epithelium in the makeup of mucous membrane is called the _______ _______.

Lamina Propria

Submucosa may contain....

fat,

bloodvessels,

and salivary glands

Which mucous membrane does NOT have a submucosa?

Gingiva

The hard palate is classified as...

mastigatory mucosa

Which type of papilla on the dorsum of the tongue does NOT contain taste buds and is keratinized?

Filiform

Small yellowish spots found inside the corners of the mouth and in the cheek mucosa near the posterior teeth are the...

sebaceous glands called Fordyce spots

Which tissue makes up the secretory component of glands?

epithelium

A gland that loses its connection with the surface from which it had its origin is called a/an...

endocrine gland

The secretion of an endocrine gland is called...

a hormone

The major salivary glands are the parotid, the submaxillary (sometimes called the submandibular), and the...

sublingual

Name two locations where minor salivary glands are found

 lips and cheeks

tongue

When a duct from a minor salivary gland is blocked, the bubble that develops at the surface of the mucosa is called...

a mucocele

Which of the following ducts is closest to the lumen of a group of serous cells?

an intercalated duct

Von Ebner's glands produce saliva that enters the mouth where?

in the circumvallate papillae

The most conspicuous component of cartilage is/are...

the ground substance

The main cell of cartilage is the _______.

Chondrocyte

The cells of cartilage reside in

lacunae

Cartilage has

neither blood vessels nor nerves

The cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of joints such as the TMJ.

Hyaline Cartilage

The cell which is associated with the resorption of bone is the

osteoclast

The cell that is associated with the formation of bone is the

osteoblast

The cell that resides in the lacunae of mature bone is the

osteocyte

When lamellae are arranged in concentric circles around a central canal, the bone is called...

Haversian system bone

Considering the gross structure of bone, what is the type of bone that is found in the marrow cavity?

Trabecular or Spongy Bone

The bone tissue that makes up the outside surface of most bones is

Lamellar bone

The connective tissue that lines the Haversian canals and the inner surface of compact bone is

endosteum

The canals through which blood vessels enter a bone from the outside are called

Volkmann's canals

Processes extending out from the cell body of the osteocytes are found in the

Canaliculi

 The process by which a cartilage model is replaced in the formation of the long bones is called

endochondral formation

The maxilla and the mandible are formed by which process?

intramembranous formation

When a tooth is moved orthodontically, bone forms on the side of the tooth where there is tension on the periodontal ligament fibers.

T or F

True

The cells associated with bone resorption and formation are found in the periosteum and endosteum.

T or F

True

Most of the marrow found in the adult skeleton is red marrow.

T or F

False

Where are monocytes produced?

Red bone marrow

In which lymphatic structure are lymphocytes differentiated into T-lymphocytes?

Thymus

Where are erythrocytes produced?

Red bone marrow

Where are neutrophils produced?

Red bone marrow

What is the name given to the tissue that produces blood cells?

hemopoietic tissue

Which ONE of the following cells contain granules in the cytoplasm?

monocyte

platelet

basophil

lymphocyte

the basophil

Name two formed elements in the blood which are shaped like biconcave discs.

Erythrocytes and platelets

What blood cells would you expect to find at the cite of acute infection?

neutrophils

 What blood cells are associated with allergy?

eosinophils

Which blood cell makes up the highest percentage of all the leucocytes?

the neutrophil

Which of the following cells have no nucleus?

monocytes

erythrocytes

lymphocytes

neutrophils

erythrocytes

Red marrow is found in the sternum.

T or F

True

The monocyte, when it enters the tissue at the site of infection, becomes a...

macrophage

Which blood cell carries hemoglobin?

erythrocytes

Which cells are associated with the cleaning up of debris after an acute infection?

monocytes

Which cells are attacked by the HIV thus affecting the immunological system?

lymphocytes

What formed element of the blood is associated with clotting?

platelets

Blood is composed of formed elements and a liquid called...

plasma

What are the approximate proportions of volume between the formed elements and the liquid in blood?

46% formed elements,

54% liquid

Which type of muscle tissue would be found in the walls of the intestines?

smooth muscle tissue

Which kind of muscle tissue makes up the muscles of mastication?

striated voluntary

Which muscle is characterized by its cells being cigar shaped and by each having one centrally placed nucleus?

Smooth

Which muscle is striated but involuntary?

cardiac

Which muscle is characterized by having slow contractions without the use of much energy?

smooth

Striated voluntary muscle cells...

are multinucleated with the nuclei on the periphery of the cell

What tissue surrounds whole muscles, bundles of muscles, and individual muscle fibers?

regular connective tissue

Muscle is sometimes connected to bone by way of a tendon.

T or F

True

 The contractile unit of a muscle fiber is called the...

sarcomere

The myofilaments are the contractile proteins myosin and _______.

Actin

Which cytoplasmic extension of a neuron carries impulses away from the cell body?

axon

The cell bodies of neurons are found in the...

central nervous system and

ganglia in the peripheral nervous system

The supportive cells in the central nervous system are called...

glial cells

 The cells that make up the myelin sheath are called...

Schwann cells

Motor nerves are..

efferent

Which of the following would be a function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Speeding up of the heart rate

The area where one neuron connects to another neuron or to an effector is called...

a synapse

A neurotransmitter is...

a chemical

Which of the following tissues is the fiber a cell and NOT considered intercellular substance?

nerve

connective tissue

muscle

Nerve

Muscle

Peripheral nerves can regenerate but components of the central nervous system do not.

T or F

True

Neuroglia is the supportive tissue of the central nervous system.

T or F

True

Prominences or scallops along the incisal edge of a newly erupted incisor are called...

mamelons

 The fine horizontal lines which are macroscopic and seen on the surface of the enamel are called...

perikymata

Enveloping the crown of the tooth and adhering firmly to its surface and wearing down after a period of tooth use is the...

one of the enamel cuticles

 Chemically the mineral or inorganic substance of dentin is called...

hydroxyapatite

 Microscopic separations in the enamel which extend inward from the enamel surface and which are filled with organic material are called...

enamel lamellae

Chemically the mineral or inorganic substance of enamel is made of...

hydroxyapatite

Hypomineralized or unmineralized inner ends of some groups of enamel rods which look like small brushes attached to the dentino-enamel junction are called...

enamel tufts

The line where the enamel and cementum meet is called the ________.

Cementoenamel Junctions

 Fully developed enamel...

contains no cells

Enamel is an important reserve of calcium during pregnancy.

T or F

False

Enamel rods are encased in ______  _______.

 Rod sheath

The process that passes through the dentinal tubule is a/an...

odontoblastic process

The organic matrix of dentin is made up of ground substance and fibrils. The fibrils are made of...

collagen

The cell body of an odontoblast resides in the...

pulp

Young teeth have a layer of dentin adjacent to the pulp which is less mineralized that is called...

predentin

 The cells that form dentin are called...

odontoblasts

 A modified type of dentin which contains fewer but normal dentinal tubules and is found along the pulpal wall of older teeth is called...

reparative dentin

Tomes granular layer is made up of...

looping of the terminal portions

of dentinal tubules

The dentin which is hypomineralized and is found a short distance inside the dentinoenamel junction, and is believed to be due to a metabolic disturbance is called...

interglobular dentin

The proportion of inorganic material to organic in dentin is about...

70-30

A dense accumulation of bacteria which adheres to the tooth surface is called...

dental plaque

The bacteria which destroy the organic matrix of hard tooth structure are called...

proteolytic

Acid is produced in the mouth...

as a result of bacteria acting on sugar

Caries is classified as to where the process occurs. One type is called pit and fissure caries.  The other type is called _______ ______ caries.

smooth surface

The pathway of caries is influenced by the direction of enamel rods.

T or F

True

Caries which enters the dentin in the contact area or the cervical area usually, because of the general direction of the dentinal tubules, goes...

 Apically

 Tomes' granular layer is thought to be involved in...

increased sensitivity to scaling where there is newly exposed cementum

The connective tissue fibrils of the pulp are of which type?

collagen

The cells of the pulp which form the dentin are...

odontoblasts

The cells of the pulp that form its fibers and the ground substance are the...

fibroblasts

Defensive cells within the pulp which act when there is inflammation there are the...

histiocytes

Mineralized bodies of an irregularly rounded shape frequently found in the pulp are called...

denticles

Another type of calcification within the pulp is called...

diffuse mineralization

There is evidence that nerve fibers can enter the dentinal tubules.

T or F

True

A tooth which has been treated endodonically can still slow down the progress of decay by forming reparative dentin.

T or F

False

With age the cells of the pulp increase in number.

T or F

 False

Cementum has which similarity to dentin?

They both have an organic matrix made up of collagen.

As far as the percentage of mineralization is concerned, cementum most resembles...

bone

The cementoblasts, which form cementum, are found in the...

periodontal ligament

Usually the thin cementum on the cervical portion of the root...

has no cementocytes

The cementocytes are connected to one another by numerous thread-like projections of their cytoplasm.  The spaces occupied by the cytoplasmic projections are called...

canaliculi

The ends of the bundles of fibers of the periodontal ligament which have been embedded in the cementum are called...

 Sharpey's fibers

The cementoid layer...

is only slightly mineralized

The cementum has which relationship to the enamel?

It may have any one of these relationships.

Cementicles are smalled bodies of cementum found in the..

periodontal ligament

The term _________ is given to the condition of there being cementum occurring in excessive amounts particularly at the root apex.

 hypercementosis

Dentin continues to form throughout life, but the cementum, once formed in early childhood, no longer is produced.

T or F

False

Acellular Cementum is formed by cementoblasts.

T or F

True

The anatomic crown is defined as that part of the tooth that is exposed to the oral cavity.

T or F

False

In a seven year old the clinical crown of a central incisor is smaller than the anatomic crown.

T or F

True

The triangular wedge of gingiva that fills the interproximal space is called the...

interdental papilla

The space or crevice between the coronal portion of the gingiva and the tooth is the...

gingival sulcus

The band of stratified squamous epithelium that is attached to the tooth surface around the cervical part of all teeth is called the...

junctional epithelium

In young individuals the apical end of the attachment epithelium is about at the CEJ.  As tooth eruption continues this epithelium migrates...

apically

A group of fibers located in the connective tissue of the gingiva, but which are not periodontal ligament fibers, encircle the tooth like a ring. These are...

circular fibers

Where does the gingiva NOT end in a scalloped or wavy line separating it from the oral mucosa beyond?

the palatal of the maxillary incisors

The connective tissue fibers of the PDL are elastic rather than collagen.

T or F

False

Which of the following cells are NOT found in the periodontal ligament?

Odontoblasts

 Which cell of the PDL is associated with the replenishment of the collagen fibers and the ground substance of the PDL?

fibroblasts

The well-oriented bundles of fibers of the periodontal ligament are called the ______ fibers.

Principle

The formative function of the PDL is demonstrated by its ability to form...

cementum and bone

Which causes resorption of bone?

pressure on the PDL

The bone of the alveolar process that is closest to the PDL is the...

lamina dura

The condition in which the bone and the cementum are joined directly without there being a PDL between is called

ankylosis

The outer layer of the lamina dura which contains bundles of Sharpey's fibers is called

bundle bone

The outside wall of the mandible and maxilla is called

cortical plate

Which is unlikely to occur following the removal of calculus?

complete restoration of the original height of the alveolar crest

Groups of epithelial cells found in the PDL are called

 rests of Malassez

PDL  from cementum to gingiva

Free gingival fiber

PDL in the root furcation

Interradicular fiber

PDL from cementum to cementum

Transseptal fiber

PDL fibers Immediately apical to horizontal group

oblique fibers

PDL fiber whose main function is to resist force tending to lift tooth from socket

Apical fibers

Increased function of the tooth is accompanied by decreased width of the PDL.

T or F

False

Under pressure cementum is more easily resorbed than bone.

T or F

False

The situation can exist where the cortical plate and the lamina dura are fused with no trabecular bone between.

T or F

True

A band of thickened oral epithelium which extends along what will become the occlusal border of the mandible and maxilla is called the...

dental lamina

The germ layer from which teeth, skin, and nerve originates is the...

ectoderm

 Mesenchyme is the embryonic...

connective tissue

In the mouth the mesenchyme is derived from the...

ectoderm

Knob shaped structures form along the band of epithelium and grow deeper into the underlying mesenchyme.  These structures are called...

enamel organs

The knob shaped structure takes the form of a cap and then the shape of a bell.  The mesenchyme that is enclosed within the bell shape is called the

dental papilla

 The mesenchyme immediately outside the bell is called the

dental sac

The outer layer of cells of the enamel organ is called the

outer enamel epithelium

The very loose network of cells which lies just inside the outer layer of cells is called the

stellate reticulum

The basement membrane which separates the enamel organ from the dental papilla is the future

dentino-enamel junction

The cells which make up the inner enamel epithelium elongate into columnar cells called

ameloblasts

The peripheral cells of the dental papilla become

odontoblasts

Which of these cells perform their function of laying down hard tooth structure by moving outwardly, that is away from the direction of the dental papilla?

ameloblasts

The primary enamel cuticle is

the last product of the ameloblasts

The origin of the PDL is the

dental sac

The shape and number of roots is determined by

Hertwig's sheath

Too few teeth formed is called

hypodontia