Term
|
Definition
| The distance by which 2 objects must be separated in order to be seen as 2 distinct objects. |
|
|
Term
| What cellular components can be viewed with a light microscope? |
|
Definition
| nucleus, nucleolus, rER, and sometimes mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What cell components stain basophilic? |
|
Definition
| DNA, RNA, rER, ribosomes, and polyribosomes |
|
|
Term
| When using H&E stain, what is the "staining characteristic" of the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the cytoplasm of a large cell basophilic? |
|
Definition
| When the cell has many organelles used for protein production present in the cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
| Is hematoxylin a basic or acidic stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes hematoxylin a basic stain? |
|
Definition
| Part of the stain containing the coloring agent binds with basophilic (acidic) cellular/extracellular components |
|
|
Term
| What do acidophilia and eosinophilia mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are most secretory vesicles basophilic or acidophilic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What dye component stains acidophilic cell components? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An observable characteristic of a tissue that results from the preparation and staining process |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of heavy metal staining? |
|
Definition
| Allows resolution of particles which cannot be observed through H&E staining, such as reticulate fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are the two functions of formalin? |
|
Definition
- coagulate proteins
- prevent enzymatic degradation |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of a tissue section to be used for histological evaluation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 steps of the Paraffin Method of tissue processing |
|
Definition
1. collection
2. fixation
3. dehydration, clearing, and embedding
4. sectioning
5. mounting and staining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The machine that slices tissue samples for viewing with an electron microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrate coating of the outer cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main functions of the glycolax? |
|
Definition
- cell recognition
- hormone reception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell process of engulfing extracellular products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can pass through the cell membrane by diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is facilitated diffusion? |
|
Definition
| Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentrations by a transmembrane protein until inner and outer concentrations become equal |
|
|
Term
| How does osmosis differ from facilitated diffusion? |
|
Definition
| Osmosis does not require a transmembrane protein; and is the diffusion of water |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of vesicular transport? |
|
Definition
| endocytosis and exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a transducer? |
|
Definition
| Hormonal activation of cell processes by linking bound extracellular receptors to intracellular enzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structural proteins and membrane channels between adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| In cardiac tissue, what is the function of gap junctions? |
|
Definition
| Allowance of electrical current to flow from one cell to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups of ribosomes attached to a mRNA strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cytoplasm that stains basophilic due to large amounts of rER and free ribosomes that are producing proteins |
|
|
Term
| Where does transcription occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creation of protein from mRNA |
|
|
Term
| What is histologically significant about cells that need a lot of ATP? |
|
Definition
| The cells appear darker because they contain large amounts of mitochondria and mitochondria stain heavily |
|
|
Term
| What are two cells with high mitochondria content? |
|
Definition
- brown fat
- secretory duct cells |
|
|
Term
| What is membrane turnover? |
|
Definition
| The golgi apparatus packages proteins in a vesicle, which travels through the cytoplasm and fuses to the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| What chromatin indicates a metabolically active cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| open, unwound DNA that is transcribed to produce mRNA; mRNA is later translated into proteins and used in metabolic processes |
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic about an active cell? |
|
Definition
| large size, euchromatic DNA, and possibility of a nucleolus present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA that does not require active transportation; it is dark and condensed nuclear material (ex. endothelium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cellular functions require an active nucleus? |
|
Definition
| protein production, secretion, excretion, or absorption |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of basal infolding of salivary gland cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 non-membrane bound storage components within a cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pigment protects against UV radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pigment increases in abundance with aging? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is lipofuscin found? |
|
Definition
| liver, nerve, and cardiac cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more tissues working together to perform a function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of cells with the same general function |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 tissue groups? |
|
Definition
| epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nervous |
|
|
Term
| What a unique characteristic of CT? |
|
Definition
| lots of extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| What is the repair potential of CT? |
|
Definition
| good for all types except for cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Why does cartilage have poor repair potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glands are what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is nervous tissue vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissues are vascular with poor healing potential? |
|
Definition
| muscle tissue and nervous tissue |
|
|
Term
| What muscle type lacks striations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is retinacular CT located in the body? |
|
Definition
| bone marrow and lymphnodes |
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2-3 cell layers surrounding a bundle of nerve axons in the PNS |
|
|
Term
| What is a ganglion and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| a cluster of neuronal cell bodies within the PNS |
|
|
Term
| You observe a single cell body in the PNS, what three cell types might it be? |
|
Definition
| schwann cell, fibroblast, or endothelial cell |
|
|
Term
You observe a single cell body in the CNS, what cell type might it be?
|
|
Definition
| neuronal cell body or oligodendrocyte |
|
|
Term
| Which tissue type is avascular with no extracellular matrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the healing potential of epithelium and why? |
|
Definition
| good - even though it is avascular it lies on top of CT, which is highly vascular |
|
|
Term
| Distinguish a cardiac muscle cell from a skeletal muscle cell. |
|
Definition
cardiac muscles branch, have intercalated discs, and only one nucleus
skeletal muscles have multiple nuclei, do not branch, and lack intercalated discs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a glial cell is a term used for various support cells in the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Where is the basement membrane located? |
|
Definition
| below epithelia and above underlying CT |
|
|
Term
| What does the basement membrane seperate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 primary functions of the basal lamina? |
|
Definition
- selectively permeable barrier
- binds epithelia to CT |
|
|
Term
| What cellular junction creates a physical barrier between cells, which large molecules cannot pass through? |
|
Definition
| zonula occludens (aka tight junctions) |
|
|
Term
| What type of cellular junction attaches the base of a cell to underlying CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissue lines the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell morphology promotes diffusion? |
|
Definition
| flat cells and condensed nuclei (eg. simple squamous epithelium) |
|
|
Term
| What tissue lines body cavities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specifically describe mesothelium and endothelium morphologically. |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What tissue lines most of the upper respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
| psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| What tissue lines the lower respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Where is transitional epithelium located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a site where simple columnar epithelium is located? |
|
Definition
| lining the stomach and intestines |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where might you find simple cuboidal epithelium? |
|
Definition
| salivary and sweat glands, kidney tubules, and ovarian surfaces |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| exocrine glands always have excretory ducts, while endocrine glands empty their secretory product into the blood |
|
|
Term
| What type of gland in the skin secretes by sloughing off a whole cell, based on it's apparent method of secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By what measure are glands in the skin typically classified? |
|
Definition
| by their secretory product |
|
|
Term
| What is a gland secretes sebum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gland is a sebaceous gland based on it's apparent method of secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the serous structure that empties into a mucous adenomere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three methods of glandular secretion? |
|
Definition
| apocrine, merocrine, and holocrine |
|
|
Term
| What three secretory products classify a gland? |
|
Definition
| serous, mucous, and mixed |
|
|
Term
| How are glands of the skin classified? |
|
Definition
| by how they secrete their secretory product |
|
|
Term
| How are glands within the body classified? |
|
Definition
| by their secretory product |
|
|
Term
| What are histologically defining features of secretory ducts in a salivary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of increased basal striations on the basal end of cells? |
|
Definition
| importing materials that will be secreted on the luminal side of the cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the secretory end of a gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do adenomeres collectively comprise the parynchyma or the stroma of a gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parts of an organ that give rise to it's known function (ex. hepatocytes and bile ducts are the parenchymal of the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supportive tissue (ex. CT and blood vessels) |
|
|
Term
| What tissue composes the stroma of most solid organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a myopithelial cell? |
|
Definition
| contraction to elicit extrusion of glandular secretory products |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a secretory duct? |
|
Definition
| to bring glandular secretions to epithelial surfaces |
|
|
Term
| What is the stem cell of all connective tissue (except blood)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are mesenchymal cells present in adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two characteristics of fibrous connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| it is highly vascular and contains a lot of extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant cell type of fibrous connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main fibrous proteins produced by fibroblasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of collagin and elastin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fibrous protein has a banded pattern and why? |
|
Definition
collagen
fibers overlap during spontaneous self-assembly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a phagocytic cell of the innate immune system that has migrated from blood into surrounding tissues (it is called a monocyte when it is circulating in the blood) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most ubiquitous and common type of collagen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of collagen is found in reticular CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of collagen is found in basement membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of collagen? |
|
Definition
| to resist distraction (tension) and torsion |
|
|
Term
| What is ground substance composed of? |
|
Definition
| water and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of GAGs? |
|
Definition
| to resist compression by binding large amounts of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the core protein that GAGs bind to; highly hydrophilic |
|
|
Term
| What is a proteoglycan aggregate? |
|
Definition
| A large macromolecule comprised of GAGs bound to proteoglycans, which are bound to hyaluronic acid |
|
|
Term
| Where are mast cells located? |
|
Definition
| along peripheral blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of mast cells? |
|
Definition
| to moderate the inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| Why should adipose NOT be categorized as connective tissue? |
|
Definition
- no fibrous secretion/extracellular matrix
- no basement membrane for every cell (which characteristically separates CT from non-CT) |
|
|
Term
| Why is adipose categorized as CT? |
|
Definition
| adipocytes are believed to originate from mesenchymal cells |
|
|
Term
| What are two pigment cells? |
|
Definition
| melanocytes and melanophages |
|
|
Term
| How do melanocytes and melanophages differ? |
|
Definition
| melanocytes produce melanin, while melanocytes engulf and passively transport melanin |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme do melanocytes contiain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stroma of many organs; subepithelia of hollow tubular organs; subcutaneous tissue |
|
|
Term
| Where is dense regular CT located? |
|
Definition
| tendons and ligaments; cornea; aponeuroses |
|
|
Term
| What is the healing potential of tendons and ligaments and why? |
|
Definition
| poor because of decreased blood supply |
|
|
Term
| Where is dense irregular CT located? |
|
Definition
| dermis of skin and lining organs |
|
|
Term
| Where can reticular CT be found in large concentrations? |
|
Definition
| bone marrow and lymphoid organs |
|
|
Term
| Where is elastic CT located? |
|
Definition
| nuchal ligament and the aorta/large blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What histiologically differentiates dense irregular and elastic CT? |
|
Definition
| dense irregular CT has very thin, linear nuclei, while elastic CT has squiggly nuclei (sometimes lightning bolt shaped as artifacts) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells occupy lacunae in mature cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the CT envelope surrounding most cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types and locations of cartilage are lacking a perichondrium? |
|
Definition
fibrocartilage, some hyaline cartilage, and articular cartilage
menisci and intervertebral discs |
|
|
Term
| What is the healing potential of cartilage that lacks a perichondrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage located in adults? |
|
Definition
| joint surfaces and supporting structures of organs (trachea) |
|
|
Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage found in the developing animal? |
|
Definition
| developing bones (scaffold) and growth plates |
|
|
Term
| Where is elastic cartilage located? |
|
Definition
| epiglottis, ears, and some ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Does elastic cartilage have a perichondrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the healing potential of elastic cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is fibrocartilage located? |
|
Definition
| intervertebral discs, menisci, and joining some tendons and ligaments to bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of perichordium? |
|
Definition
| to supply blood to cartilage; contains mesenchymal cells that become chondrocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 ways that cartilage grows in developing animals? |
|
Definition
| interstitial and appositional |
|
|
Term
| What is the histological evidence of interstitial growth? |
|
Definition
| cell nests (isogenous groups) |
|
|
Term
| What structure must be present for appositional growth in cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the presence of blood and CT in the osteonal canal? |
|
Definition
| monocytes migrate out of the blood and become macrophages and osteoclasts that remove bone; CT carries mesenchymal cells that become osteocytes which make new bone |
|
|
Term
| Why is hydroxyapatite significant? |
|
Definition
| it is extremely resistant to compression because of a high mineral content |
|
|
Term
| What resists stretch and torsion in bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located in canaliculi? |
|
Definition
| cell processes of osteocytes |
|
|
Term
| What cell creates Howship's Lacunae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a resprbtion space? |
|
Definition
| a collection of Howship's Lacunae which creates a hole for a new osteon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in the process of creating a new osteon? |
|
Definition
| creation of a resorption space |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type(s) of bone develop through the process of intramembranous ossification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does intramembranous ossification involve cartilage? |
|
Definition
| no - woven bone is replaced with mature bone |
|
|
Term
| What happens to a growth plate when blood supply to the epiphysis is interrupted? |
|
Definition
| early closure of the growth plate and shortening of the bone |
|
|
Term
| What cells does an invading blood vessel supply during endochondral ossification? |
|
Definition
| macrophages/chondroclasts and osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
| During endochondrial ossification, what is the major site of growth in the diaphysis called? |
|
Definition
| the primary ossification center |
|
|
Term
| What process causes a growth plate to remain the same thickness throughout the growth process? |
|
Definition
| rate of cartilaginous interstitial growth = rate of replacement by the primary ossification center |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood for growing cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the perichondrial ring composed of in developing and adult animals? |
|
Definition
| perichondrium in developing animals and periosteum superficial to articular cartilage in adult animals |
|
|
