Term
| 4 Characteristics of Muscles |
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Definition
Specialized for contractility
Has action potential. (Only cell capable of movement)
Large volume of body (large energy requirements)
Move by interaction of filaments (actin, myosin) |
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Term
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Definition
Striated cardiac: Involuntary
Striated skeletal: Voluntary, somatic
Smooth: Long, tapered, uni-nucliate, contract slowly |
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Definition
| Aligned protein structures running lengthwise in cell. Composed of 2 kinds of filaments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Basic structural/functional unit of striated muscle.
Area between 2 Z-lines |
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Definition
Length of thick filament (dark)
Fixed width |
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Definition
Area of thin filament
Change width (light) |
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Term
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Definition
Bisects I-band
Place where thin filaments attach |
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Term
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Definition
Bisects H-zones
Cross-links centers of thick filaments |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the bands interact during contraction? |
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Definition
| Thin filaments are pulled into the A-band. The I-band and H-zone will decrease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer membrane with numerous invaginations (T-tubules) |
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Term
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Definition
Bring action potential to the interior of muscle fiber
Have extracellular fluid
Surround myofibrils between the A & I bands |
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Term
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Definition
Smooth ER of muscle fibers
Intracellular site for storage, uptake, and release of Calcium |
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Term
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Definition
| Parts of the SR that surround the T-tubules at A-I Junctions in mammals |
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Term
| Describe skeletal muscle cytoplasm |
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Definition
Mitochondria and glycogen granules between myofibrils (glycogen forms rosettes)
Other organelles clustered at ends of elongated peripheral nuclei |
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Term
| 4 Steps to muscle contraction |
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Definition
1. Nerve impulse makes action potential; travels along sarcolemma; enters cell via T-tubles
2. Depolarization of T-tubules releases Ca from Terminal Cisternae
3. Ca binds to actin pulling thick and thin filaments together toward A-band
4. SR re-accumulates Ca; muscle relaxes |
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Term
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Definition
Red: Type I (slow twitch)
White: Type II (fast twitch)
Intermediate: Between red and white |
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Term
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Definition
Myosatellite cells (reserve cells) on surface grow and divide after injury
Resulting cells fuse with each other and pre-existing muscle
*Capacity for repair is limited. Large injuries use connective tissue instead. |
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Term
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Definition
| Myo-satellite cells fuse to produce more fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased use causes increased cytoplasm making cells larger (working out) |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to inactivity or denervation, cells get smaller cytoplasmic mass |
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Term
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Definition
| Adds/removes sarcomeres, making them longer or shorter |
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Term
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Definition
Motor neuron + all fibers it innervates
Ranges from 2-hundreds of fibers
Fewer fibers = more control |
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Term
| Neuromuscular Junction (Motor End Plate) |
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Definition
Axon branch of SE neurons contact fibers at motor end plates
Sarcolemma is highly folded: Junctional Folds
Each muscle fiber has only one motor neuron! |
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Term
| What do junctional folds do/ |
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Definition
| Increase surface area of synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory receptors (sense degree of stretch)
Fusiform structures within most muscles
CT Capsule surrounds intrafusal fibers |
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Term
| 2 types of fibers in muscle spindles |
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Definition
Nuclear bad: Larger, clustered nuclei
Nuclear chain: Smaller, distributed nuclei |
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Term
| Functions of Smooth Muscle |
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Definition
Contractility
Conductivity
Regeneration |
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Term
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Definition
Contain actin and myosin (acidophilic)
To transverse bands
Involuntary movement
Location: Arteries, GI/Repro tract, Iris...
Parenchyma = functional cell
Stroma = connective tissue |
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Term
| Smooth Muscle Appearance (under LM) |
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Definition
Long, spindle shaped cells (thick in middle)
Tapered (smallest muscle type)
Central nuclei; 1 per cell
Small amount of connective tissue |
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Term
| Smooth muscle appearance (EM) |
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Definition
Sarcolemma has invaginations (caveolae) that release Ca to initiate contraction
Activate a kinase that phosphorylates myosin
Dark Bodies
Gap Junctions |
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Term
| Dense Bodies (Smooth muscle EM) |
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Definition
Dark staining patches in cytoplasm
Attachment sites for intermediate and myosin filaments |
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Term
| Gap Junctions (Smooth muscle EM) |
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Definition
| Allows ionic coupling (communication) |
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Term
| General functions of the Cardiovascular system |
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Definition
Service needs of tissues (deliver nutrients, remove wastes)
Maintain environment |
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Term
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Definition
Pulmonary Arc: To lungs
Systemic Arc: Everywhere else
Lymphatics: Afferent; joints veins to enter blood |
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Term
| 3 Layers of vascular tubular wall |
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Definition
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventicia
**Endothelium is the only constant feature in all components! |
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Term
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Definition
Contains: Endothelium, basal lamina, CT, few smooth muscle cells
Fibers: Longitudinal; avascular
Gets nourishment from lumen via foot processes (gap junctions) |
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Term
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Definition
Outermost part of Tunica Intima
Not usually seen under LM
Has gaps to allow for diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
Mostly smooth muscle and elastic
Collagen and fibroblasts mixed in
Perpendicular fibers
Inner part nourished by tunica intima
Outer part nourished by vasa vasorum and nervi vasorum |
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Term
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Definition
| May be on outermost part of Tunica Media |
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Term
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Definition
Collagen and elastic (longitudinal)
Mostly collagen (dense irregular CT)
Vasa vasorum and nervi vasorum
Often hard to distinguish outer boundary |
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Term
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Definition
Regular shape; thick walls; small lumen
Tunica media is thickest
High blood pressure (strong walls) |
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Term
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Definition
Irregular shape; thin walls; large lumen
Thick tunica adventitia
Lots of elastic fibers with collagen
Low pressure (contain valves) |
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Term
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Definition
Walls lack distinct organization
Lumens may have precipitate or lymphocytes
Also may have valves |
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Term
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Definition
Small; muscular; 1-3 layers smooth muscle
Possible IEL, NO EEL
Tunica Adventitia blends with surrounding tissue
Act as control valves to regulate blood flow to terminal vascular bed |
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Term
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Definition
Found near arterioles
Indistinct Tunica Media and Adventitia
"returning vessels" - move blood from terminal bed to larger veins |
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Term
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Definition
Shunt blood from arterioles to venules
Bypass the capillary beds
Thick muscular wall; longitudinal smooth muscle
Circular smooth muscle can open or close
Location: Skin, GI tract, erectile tissue
Function: Regulate blood pressure, thermoregulation, erection |
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Term
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Definition
Found in terminal vascular bed
Pluripotent cells
Can differentiate into fibroblasts, smooth muscle, and mast cells
Found on basement membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Thin TM; basement membrane; 1 RBC at a time
Allow metabolites to enter, and waste to exit |
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Term
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Definition
Continuous: Has basement membrane
Fenestrated: Has basement membrane
Discontinuous: Found in endocrine glands
Lymph: Many in gut (collect FA's/glycerol) |
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Term
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Definition
Most permeable part (fenestrations and incomplete tight junctions)
Inflammatory response: histidine mediators
Similar to capillaries, but 2-3 RBC's |
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Term
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Definition
Erectile tissue
Large, round/irregular
Used for blood pooling
LACK smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
Capillary bed between 2 veins
Ex: Portal vein (drains GI tract)and leads to hepatic veins |
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Term
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Definition
Capillary bed between 2 arterioles
Ex: Afferent arteriole (In kidney) |
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Term
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Definition
Takes up digested carbs, AA's, lipids, vits
Stores and releases: glucose, triglycerides, vits
Synthesize things
Detoxification
Bile formation/secretion
Converts T4 to T3 |
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Term
| What does the liver synthesize? |
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Definition
| Albumin, prothrombin, glucose, FA/triglycerides, lipoproteins, cholesterol/phospholipids, a&B globulins |
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Term
| What does the liver detoxify? |
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Definition
| Metabolites, drugs, xenobiotics (foreign material), bacteria, immunoglobulins, "warn out" cells, proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Hepatocytes: Capable of ALL functions
Kupffer cells
Fat-storing cells (Ito cells): Vit A
Endothelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
Epithelial cells; form parenchyma of liver
Polyhedral shape; arranged in cords
Have central nucleus and glycogen
Short microvilli on surface
Actual activity depends on position in lobule and state of animal |
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Term
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Definition
Stellate shaped; line liver sinusoids
Mononucleate
Binds hemoglobin; breaks it down to bilirubin
Can take over RBC degradation for spleen
Antigen processing and presentation
Fc and C' receptors |
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Term
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Definition
Fc and C': Phagocytosis of immune comlexes, immune bacteria, and non-immune particulates
Other receptors: ASGP-R, MP-R, LDL-R |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in connective tissue |
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Term
| Liver lobule organization |
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Definition
6 lobes, many lobules, visible in pig
Hexagon shape; around central vein
Triads: artery, vein, and bile duct
Blood drains toward central vein via sinusoids
Bile drains away from central vein |
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Term
| 3 Liver lobulation theories |
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Definition
Classic lobule
Portal lobule
Liver acinus |
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Term
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Definition
Describes: central lobular necrosis
Shape: polygonal
Portal canals in periphery
Vein in center
Emphasizes endocrine function of gland |
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Term
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Definition
Little use in modern hepatology
Triangle shape
Triad in center
Central vein in apexes
Emphasizes exocrine function of gland |
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Term
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Definition
Rappaport's lobule
Oval shape
Triad on central axis
Veins at periphery
Describes hepatic regeneration and cirrhosis
Has zonation |
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Term
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Definition
Zone 1: peripheral (recieves blood w/ most nutrients)
Zone 2: Mid-region (intermediate quality blood
Zone 3: Centrilobular |
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Term
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Definition
Strong, specialized connective tissue
Cells in gel-like substance:
Chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, H2O (acidic sulfate = basophilic)
Avascular; lots of collagen |
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Term
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Definition
Capsule-like sheath of dense irregular CT around cartilage
NOT in fibrocartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Weight-bearing; friction-free movement
Protect articulating bone sufaces
Support nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, external ear
Template for bone development in extremities, vertebral column, and pelvis |
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Term
| First 2 steps in histogenesis |
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Definition
1. Mesenchymal cells become chondroblasts (make ground substance and collagen)
2. Cells isolate from each other in lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
Continued histogenesis within cartilage
Adds matrix internally
Mitosis of existing chondrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Continued histogenesis growing outside
Adds matrix externally
Becomes perichondrium and secretes ground substance |
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Term
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Definition
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Location: Articular surfaces of bones, nose, larynx, trachea, embryonic skeleton
Fibers: Collagen (stains pale) |
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Term
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Definition
Location: Pinna, epiglottis, auditory tube
Fibers: Elastic and little collagen |
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Term
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Definition
Location: Intervertebral disks, menisci of stifle
Fibers: Collagen BUNDLES
**NO perichondrium |
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Term
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Definition
Slow process; depends on age
Both types of growth in young
Fibrous CT used for old |
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Term
| Intervertebral disc disease |
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Definition
| Small long dogs (presents as neurologic) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tears of cranial cruciate in large breed dogs |
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Term
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Definition
Internal support
Protect soft tissues in cavities
Locomotion
Framework for bone marrow
Reservoir for Ca++ ions |
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Term
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Definition
Compact bone: outer shell
Cancellous (spongy) bone: central region with marrow
Lamellae: Longitudinal laminar structures (3 types) |
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Term
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Definition
Osteons: Surround vascular Haversian Canal
Interstitial lamellae: irregular groups
Circumferential lamellae: bony lamellae around internal and external surfaces of shaft |
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Term
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Definition
Osteoblasts: Bone forming (secrete tropocollagen and glycosaminoglycans)
Osteocytes: Mature bone; in lacunae
Osteoclasts: Large, multi-nucleate for bone resorption |
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Term
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Definition
Organic: Sulfated glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, collagen (9% H2O)
Inorganic: Hydroxyapatite crystals keep rigidity (Ca, CO3, PO4) |
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Term
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Definition
Layers of lamellae
Haversian canals connect via Volksmans canals (oblique) |
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Term
| Intramembranous Osteogenesis |
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Definition
Directly from mesenchyme (areas of vasculization)
Flat bones of skull, mandible, maxilla
1. Mesenchymal cells become ostoblasts to secrete osteoid
2. Bone deposition around osteoblasts create lacunae and trabeculae
3. Fills intertrabecular space
4. Mesenchymal cells on surfaces form endosteum and periostium |
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Term
| Endochondral Osteogenesis |
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Definition
Replaces hyaline cartilage template
Bones of extremities, vertebral column, pelvis, base of skull)
Mesenchymal cells of fetus become skeletal system
Low O2 causes chondroblast formation
Chondrocytes secrete alkaline phosphate
Calcification occurs; chondrocytes die
Blood vessels invade; forms bone collar
Periosteal bud forms; penetrates cartilage
Multipotential cells become osteoblasts
Forms new bone at primary ossification center |
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Term
| 5 Zones on epiphyseal disk |
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Definition
Resting chondrocytes
Proliferating chondrocytes
Chondrocyte maturation
Hypertrophic chondrocytes
Calcification and ossification |
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Term
| Steps for fracture repair |
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Definition
1. Formation of callus
2. Hematoma forms at fracture site
3. Phagocytic cells and fibroblasts invade;
Callus forms cartilage template
4. Vessels form internal callus
5. Vessels invade external callus and replacement begins (endochondral bone formation) |
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Term
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Definition
Have articular cartilge (NO perichondrium)
Fluid in cavity
Contains synovial capsule |
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Term
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Definition
Stratum fibrosum: outer layer of collagen
Stratum synoviale: inneer layer of round or flat cells
Synovial fluid: Lots of hyaluronic acid |
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