HOLOCRINE SECRETION

SPERMATOGENESIS

STEROIDOGENESIS

PRODUCT= ANDROGENS

TUNICA VAGINALIS- VISCERAL LAYER (monolayer)

TUNICA ALBUGINEA- DENSE CT CAPSULE

TUNICA VASCULOSA- VASCULARIZED LOOSE CT

~250 LOBULES, EACH CONTANING BETWEEN 1-4 HIGHLY COILED SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES EMBEDDED WITHIN THE INTERSTITIAL SPACES.

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

INTERSTITIAL SPACES

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES:

SPERMATOGENESES

PALE PINK, IRREGULAR LUMEN

STEROIDOGENESIS

VASCULARIZED LOOSE CT, LEYDIG (INTERSTITIAL) CELLS SECRETE STEROID HORMONES

TESTIS:

ARTERY BRANCH?

VENOUS BRANCH?

CAPILLARY TYPE?

LYMPHATICS?

TESTICULAR ARTERY

PAMPINIFORM PLEXUS

FENESTRATE

LUMBAR NODES

IN THE INTERSTITIAL SPACES

STIMULATED BY LH TO SECRETE TESTOSTERONE

MAINTENANCE OF SPERMATOGENESIS, DUCTS, GLANDS, SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

LOCATION OF SPERMATOGENESIS

HIGHLY COILED TUBES= VARIOU CROSS SECTIONAL PROFILES

LUMEN

SEMINIFEROUS (GEMINAL) EPITHELIUM --SPERMATOGENIC CELLS + SERTOLI CELLS

BASEMENT MEMBRANE

TUNICA PROPRIA--CT, CONTRACTILE CELLS

• SPERMATOGENIC CELLS
• CELLS FROM SAME PRECURSOR MATURE TOGETHER IN WAVES--NO OVERRIDING CYCLE IN HUMANS
• PUBERTY TO DEATH
• ANTERIOR PITUITARY GONADOTROPINS
• TAKES 74 DAYS TO COMPLETE + 12 DAYS OF MATURATION IN EPIDIDYMIS= 86 DAYS FOR EFFECTS OF ANTISPERMATOGENIC AGENTS TO BE OBSERVED

DEDSITES

• DIETARY DEFICIENCIES
• ENVIRONMENTAL/LIFESTYLE
• DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
• SYSTEMIC DISEASES/LOCAL INFECTIONS
• IONIZING RADIATION
• TOXIC AGENTS
• ELEVATED TESTICULAR TEMP
• STEROID HORMONES AND RELATED MEDICATION

SPERMATOGENESIS:

2 STAGES:

SPERMATOCYTOGENESIS

SPERMIOGENESIS

MITOSIS

TYPE A DARK SPERMATOGONIA- STEM CELLS

TYPE A PALE SPERMATOGONIA- PROGENITOR CELLS

TYPE B SPERMATOGONIA

PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES

MEIOSIS I- SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES

MEIOSIS II- SPERMATIDs

DIFFERENTIATION

SPERMATIDS--> SPERMATOZOA (MATURE, HAPLOID)

STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF SPERMATIDS INTO SPERMATOZOA

1. CHANGE IN NUCLEAR SHAPE

2. DEVELOPMENT OF ACROSOME CAP

3. SHED EXCESS CYTOPLSM, BECOMES RESIDUAL BODIES

4. DEVELOP FLAGELLUM (MICROTUBULES, MOTILE)

SHAPE, CAP, SHED, FLAGELLA!!!

RELEASE OF SPERMATOZOA INTO SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE LUMEN.

IMMOTILE. DOES NOT GAIN MOTILITY UNTIL EPIDIDYMIS.

SWEPT ALONG BY FLUID

SPERMIATION

CAPABLE OF FERTILIZATION?

SPERMATOZOON- WILL BE IN LUMEN, HAS TAIL

SPERMATIDS, SMALL CLOSE TO LUMEN

PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES- CHECKERBOARD

SPERMATOGONIA- CONDENSED, CLOSE TO BASEMENT MEMBRANE

SERTOLI CELL- OPEN, EUCHROMATIC

SUPPORTING CELLS

COLUMNAR CELLS- BM TO APICAL SURFACE- IN SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM

COMPLEX LATERAL BORDER- INDISTINCT INTERCELLULAR BOUNDARIES

LARGE, EUCHROMATIC NUCLEUS

INCLUSION BODIES- CRYSTALLOIDS OF CHARCOT-BOTTCHER. FILAMENTOUS LNG BUNDLES. UNK FX

RER, SER, GOLGI FOR SECRETION, LYSOSOMES FOR PHAGOCYTOSIS OF RESIDUAL BODIES

GAP JUNCTIONS BETWEEN SERTOLI CELLS

• ANTIMULLERIAN HORMONE- ESTABLISHES MALENESS OF EMBRYO. INDUCES DEGENERATION OF PARAMESONEPHRIC DUCTS
• ANDROGEN BINDING PROTEIN ABP- MAINTAINS SPERMATOGENESIS BY ELEVATING TESTOSTERONE LEVELS IN RESPONSE TO FSH
• INHIBIN- INHIBITS SPERMATOGENESIS BY INHIBITING FSH
• FRUCTOSE RICH FLUID- NOURISHMENT/ TRANSPORT OF SPERMATOZOA IN LUMEN. FLUID FLOW WILL HELP MOVE THEM TOWARD INTERTESTICULAR DUCT SYSTEM.

ANTIMULLERIAN HORMONE

WHAT KIND OF CELL SECRETES IT?

FX?

SERTOLI CELL

ESTABLISHES MALENESS OF EMBRYO-INDUCES DEGENERATION OF PRAMESONEPHRIC DUCTS

ANDROGEN BINDING PROTEIN

WHAT SECRETES IT?

FX?

SERTOLI CELL

MAINTAINS SPERMATOGENESIS BY ELEVATING TESTOSTERONE LEVELS IN RESPONSE TO FSH

INHIBIN

WHAT PRODUCES IT?

FX

SERTOLI CELLS

INHIBITS SPERMATOGENESIS B INHIBITING FSH

FRUCTOSE RICH FLUID

WHAT PRODUCES IT?

FX?

SERTOLI CELLS

NOURISH SPERMATOZOA IN LUMEN

HELP TRANSPORT SPERMATOZOA VIA FLUID FLOW

DIVIDES EPITHELIUM INTO BASAL AND LUMINAL (ADLUMINAL) COMPARTMENT.

SERTOLI CELLS RESTRICT PASSAGE BTWN COMPARTMENTS.

SERTOLI CELLS.

ISOLATES CELLS UNDERGOING

1. LH FROM ANTERIOR PITUITARY BINDS TO RECEPTORS ON LEYDIG CELLS

2. LH INDUCES LEYDIG CELLS TO SECRETE T THAT ENTERS LUMINAL COMPARTMENT

3. FSH FROM ANTERIOR PITUITARY BINDS TO ECEPTORS ON SERTOLI CELLS

4. FSH INDUCES SERTOLI CELLS TO SECRETE ABP INTO LUMINAL COMPARTMENT

5. ABP BINDS TO T PREVENTING IT FROM LEAVING LUMINAL COMPRTMENT.

INTRATESTICULAR DUCTS.

3 TYPES

STRAIGHT TUBULES

RETE TESTIS

EFFERENT DUCTULES

INTRATESTICULAR DUCT

SERTOLI CELLS--> SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

CUBOIDAL CELLS, MICROVILLI- RESORB FLUID

COLUMNAR CELLS, CILIA: TRANSPORT SPERMATOZOA

IRREGULAR LUMEN

EPIDIDYMIS

INTRA/EXTRATESTICULAR?

SINGLE, HIGHLY COILED TUBE

HEAD, BODY, TAIL

CONTINUOUS WITH DUCTUS DEFERENS

STORES SPERM, ESPECIALLY IN TAIL

EPIDIDYMIS

SPERM MOTILE?

EPIDIDYMIS

CHARACTERISTIC OF LUMEN

EPIDIDYMIS

PRINCIPLE CELLS?

PSEUDOSTRAITIFIED COLUMNAR WITH SEREOCILIA (NOT CAPABLE OF MOVING, MADE OF MICROTUBULES)

RESORB FLUID, SECRETE DECAPACITATION FACTOR, PHAGOCYTOSE RESIDUAL BODIES.

BASAL STEM CELLS

TIGHT JUNCTIONS ACT AS IMMUNOLOGICAL BARRIER

TERMINAL BAR/WEB

DUCTUS DEFERENS

CHARACTERISTICS?

EXCURRENT DUCT

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR WITH STEREOCILIA

MANY SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYERS, SMALL LUMEN RELATIVE TO WALL THICKNESS

EJACULATORY DUCT

CELL TYPE

ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS

WHAT MAINTAINS STRUCTURE AND FX OF THESE GLANDS?

SEMINAL VESICLE, PROSTATE GLAND, BULBOURETRAL GLAND

DHT

ACCESSORY GLAND

SEMINAL VESICLES

• HIGHLY COILED TUBES
• HIGHLY FOLDED MUCOSA- FORMS MUCOSAL CRYPTS
• VISCOUS, FRUCTOSE RICH SECRETION REGULATED BY TESTOSTERONE, YELLOW PIGMENT FOR UV PROTECTION

SEMINAL VESICLES

CHARACTERISTICS?

CELL TYPE?

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

SMOOTH MUSCLE--LOTS SO PRODUCTS CAN BE MOVED RAPIDLY VIA PERISTALSIS TO GET FLUID OUT OF GLAND

ACCESSORY SEX GLAND

30-50 COMPOUND TUBULOALVEOLAR GLANDS

MULTIPLE DUCTS INTO URETHRA

PROSTATIC CONCRETIONS (LOOK LIKE ONION)

SEROUS ENZYME RICH SECRETION

SEMEN ANTICOAGULANT

PROSTATE GLAND

WHAT KIND OF SECRETION?

SEROUS, ENZYME RICH SECRETION

SEMEN ANTICOAGULANT

MUCOSAL LAYER

SUBMUCOSAL

PAIN PROSTATIC LAYER- LARGER, MORE NUMERUS

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

TRANSITIONAL ZONE

PERIPHERAL ZONE

CENTRAL ZONE

FIBROMUSCULAR ZONE

PROSTATE GLAND

TRANSITIONAL ZONE

AROUND PERIURETHRAL ZONE

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYERPLASIA (BPH)

URETHRAL COMPRESSION

PROSTATE GLAND

PERIPHERAL ZONE

LARGEST ZONE (70%)

ADENOCARCINOMA AND INFLAMMATION (PROSTATITIS)

PALPABLE

AROUND EJACULATORY DUCTS

MORE RESISTANT TO BPH, INFLAMMATION, CANCER

WHICH ZONE OF PROSTATE GLAND IS PALPABLE?

CT AND STROMAL CELLS

STROMAL CELLS CONVERT T TO DHT, LINKED TO BPH

PROSTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA

• PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA)-SOME FALSE POSITIVES
• PROSTATIC ACID PHOSPHATASE (PAP)

PAIRED

DEEP PERINEAL SPACE

DUCTS INTO SPONGY URETHRA

APPEARANCE OF MUCUS SECRETING GLAND

• PRE-SEMINAL FLUID LUBRICATES URETHRA
• REGULATED BY SEXUAL STIMULATION

• BULBOURETHRAL GLAND- PRESEMINAL FLUID TO LUBRICATE URETHRA

• PROSTATE GLAND- SEROUS, ENZYME RICH SECRETION; SEMEN ANTICOAGULANT

• SEMINAL VESICLES- VISCOUS, FRUCTOSE RICH SECRETION, YELLOW PIGMENT

PENIS

ERECTILE TISSUES

CORPUS SPONGIOSUM

CORPORA CAVERNOSA

CT LAYERS:

1. SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
2. DEEP BUCK'S FASCIA
3. TUNICA ALBUGINEA