Term
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Definition
- share features with protein secreting exocrine cells
- contain variable number of cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, small Golgi apparatus, numerous membrane limited granules
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- hormone stored intracellulary (except in thyroid gland)
-
release of hormone by exocytosis
- role of microtubules/microfilaments in movement of secretory granules within the cell |
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Term
| Morphology of the Endocrine Glands |
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Definition
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Term
| A. Hormones Produced by Pars Distalis |
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Definition
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Term
| A. Hormones Produced by Pars Distalis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that is degranulated. i.e., it contains few granules |
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Term
| Methods to Identify Cell Types in the Anterior Pituitary Gland |
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Definition
1. LM: histological staining by H&E, PAS, special stain combinations
2. Immunohistochernical staining (LM and EM)
AG AB *Florescein,
Peroxidase
Advantage of specificity because of nature of AB binding to an antigen
3. Electron microscopy
4. Human disease experimental manipulation in animals allows association of a s specific
function with a given cell type. Example: only mammotroph involutes after newbom
rats are weaned; lysosomal system is involved in reverting cell to normal. |
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Term
| Methods to Identify Cell Types in the Anterior Pituitary Gland |
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Definition
1. LM: histological staining by H&E, PAS, special stain combinations
2. Immunohistochernical staining (LM and EM)
AG AB *Florescein,
Peroxidase
Advantage of specificity because of nature of AB binding to an antigen
3. Electron microscopy
4. Human disease experimental manipulation in animals allows association of a s specific
function with a given cell type. Example: only mammotroph involutes after newbom
rats are weaned; lysosomal system is involved in reverting cell to normal. |
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Term
| B. Hormone Produced by Pars Intermedia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Neurophysin large carrier protein to which oxytocin and vasopressin are bound
Herring bodies local accumulations of neurosecretory material in axoplasm of fibers of
hypothalamo hypophyseal tract
contains hormones produced in hypothalamic nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
- uterine contractility
- milk ejection (acts on myoepithelial cells) |
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Term
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Definition
-antidiuretic hormone
-raises blood pressure
-promotes reabsorption of water at distal convoluted tubule of kidney
-absence of this hormone produces diabetes insipidus where the kidney cannot concentrate the glomerular filtrate |
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Term
| Endocrine pancreas islets of Langerhans |
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Definition
Structure
-spheroid structures
-pale staining cells
-more numerous in tail and body of pancreas than in the head
cell types |
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Term
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Definition
granules insoluble in alcohol
situated around periphery of the islet
EM: highly opaque granules, relatively uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm
produces glucagon |
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Term
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Definition
granules soluble in alcohol
situated predominantly in the interior of the islet (70% of its volume)
EM: granules less electron opaque than A cells, more variable in distribution, halo (clear space) between crystal core and periphery of granule
cells more numerous than A cells
produces insulin
drug alloxan specifically injures B cells |
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Term
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Definition
differentiated by Masson's triple stain
few of these cells in the human
produces somatostatin (inhibits release of either glucagon or insulin, depending on the circumstances) |
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Term
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Definition
| -secretes pancreatic polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| -secretes pancreatic polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
structural unit of thyroid gland
consists of a layer of simple epithelium lining a cavity
cavity contains colloid |
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Term
| Parafollicular cells (C cells) |
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Definition
- found within follicle and interfollicular connective tissue (do not extend to colloid)
arise from last pair of pharyngeal pouches
- produce calcitonin which lowers blood calcium levels; suppress activity of
osteoclasts |
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Term
| Parathyroid glands (4 subdivisions): |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 1. Principal (chief) cells |
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Definition
parathormone (parathyroid hormone)
considerable glycogen present |
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Term
| 1. Principal (chief) cells |
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Definition
parathormone (parathyroid hormone)
considerable glycogen present |
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Term
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Definition
larger than chief cells
cytoplasm contains fine granules by LM which in the EM correspond. to mitochondria
cells appear at 4.5 7 years in human and increase in number by puberty |
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Term
| Gland secretes parathormone |
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Definition
(raises level of blood calcium by, among other
actions, stimulating osteoclasts) |
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Term
| Gland secretes parathormone |
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Definition
(raises level of blood calcium by, among other
actions, stimulating osteoclasts) |
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Term
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Definition
exhibits chrormaffin reaction
A. Synthesizes and secretes catecholamines into blood vessels
B. Two different cell types – one makes norepinephrine, the other epinephrine after norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine.
- epinephrine secretory granules by EM: relatively homogeneous and less electron
opaque matrix
- norepinephrinesecretory granules by EM: very electron opaque core which is often
located eccentrically in the matrix of the granule
C. Innervation: preganglionic fibers that stimulate secretion of catecholamines |
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Term
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Definition
A. Pinealocytes;
large nuclei
abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Astroglial cells
abundant intermediate filaments (50 60A)
C. Corpora arenacea. (brain sand)
mulberry shaped concretions, calcium carbonate in an organic matrix
D. Supplied by postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers
E. Functions
has an inhibitory action on development and maturation of gonads
serotonin/melatonin levels vary with diurnal rhythm
serotonin: day hormone
- melatonin: hormone produced and secreted during the dark phase.
not stored, but secreted as it is produced
- also secretes arginine vasotocin, a peptide with antigonadotrophic activity
- seasonal breeders:
gonads regress in winter (longer nights)
in the spring, longer periods of sunlight decrease pineal activity, allowing
the testis to respond to gonadotrophic hormone |
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