Ligand receptor Calcium binding site that causes skeletal muscle contraction Contractile unit within a myocyte Site of calcium sequestration Area of overlap between actin and myosin
Definition
contractile unit w/in a myocyte
Term
Which of the following statements regarding neurons in incorrect?
Neurons may receive inputs from multiple other neurons Signal transduction flows from dendrites, to the cell body, to the axon A neuron can produce multiple neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters are produced in the cell body and transported through the axon Multipolar neurons are the most common type found
Definition
A neuron can produce multiple neurotransmitters
Term
Respiratory epithelium is located in all of the following locations except: Vocal cords Caudal nasal cavity Trachea Bronchi Paranasal sinus
Definition
vocal cords
Term
Which of the following is an example of mucosal associated lymphoid tissue?
Spleen Thymus Hemal node Tonsil Lymph node
Definition
tonsil
Term
In what layer of integument do you find blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels?
Which answer accurately describes the order of events in skeletal muscle contraction?
Ligand binds at the neuromuscular junction; ligand gated sodium channels open; cell depolarizes; voltage gated calcium channels open; calcium leaves sarcoplasmic reticulum; calcium binds troponin complex; myosin head binds to actin; power stroke; ATP Hydrolysis; myosin head resets. Ligand binds at the neuromuscular junction; ligand gated sodium channels open; cell depolarizes; power stroke; ATP Hydrolysis; myosin head resets; voltage gated calcium channels open; calcium leaves sarcoplasmic reticulum; calcium binds troponin complex; myosin head binds to actin. Ligand binds at the neuromuscular junction; ligand gated sodium channels open; cell depolarizes; voltage gated calcium channels open; calcium leaves sarcoplasmic reticulum; calcium binds troponin complex; ATP Hydrolysis; myosin head binds to actin; power stroke; myosin head resets. Ligand binds at the neuromuscular junction; ligand gated sodium channels open; cell depolarizes; voltage gated calcium channels open; calcium leaves sarcoplasmic reticulum; calcium binds troponin complex; myosin head binds to actin; power stroke; myosin head resets; ATP Hydrolysis. Ligand binds at the neuromuscular junction; voltage gated calcium channels open; calcium leaves sarcoplasmic reticulum; ligand gated sodium channels open; cell depolarizes; calcium binds troponin complex; myosin head binds to actin; power stroke; ATP Hydrolysis; myosin head resets.
Definition
Ligand binds at the neuromuscular junction; ligand gated sodium channels open; cell depolarizes; voltage gated calcium channels open; calcium leaves sarcoplasmic reticulum; calcium binds troponin complex; myosin head binds to actin; power stroke; ATP Hydrolysis; myosin head resets.
Term
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by what cell type?
Which vessels help smooth out the pulsatile nature of blood flow from the heart?
Capillaries Small muscular arteries Small veins Large veins Large elastic arteries
Definition
large elastic arteries
Term
The botulinum toxin causes clinical signs of weakness or paralysis by what mechanism?
Inhibits release of neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction Decreases production of modulatory neurotransmitters Inhibits release of neurotransmitters from excitatory neurons in the central nervous system Increases the uptake of excitatory neurotransmitters Depresses function of the ventral spinal cord
Definition
Inhibits release of neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction
Term
In regards to arteriovenous (AV) shunts which statement is not true:
AV shunts can be found in the nasal mucosa AV shunts can bypass capillary beds AV shunts to the skin will be open when an animal is trying to eliminate excess body heat AV shunts to the GI tract will be closed after ingesting a large meal AV shunts may be opened when under sympathetic stimuli
Definition
AV shunts to the skin will be open when an animal is trying to eliminate excess body heat
Term
Which of the following are correct descriptions of the functions of alveoli in the respiratory system?
Condition air and vocalization Filter air and gas exchange Heat balance and pH balance pH balance and gas exchange Vocalization and heat balance
Definition
pH balance and gas exchange
Term
What immunoglobulin is the most abundant antibody?
IgA IgM IgG IgD IgE
Definition
IgG
Term
What stage of the hair cycle is associated with resting/absent hair growth?
Catagen Androgen Telogen Mitogen Anagen
Definition
Telogen
Term
Which of the following conditions would not be expected to increase the amount of filtrate produced at a glomerulus?
Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole Increased intravascular blood volume Increased cardiac output Increased blood pressure in renal arteries Increased heart rate
What portion of the respiratory tree sees robust smooth muscle that when constricted can affect airflow such as in asthma?
Alveolar duct ! Bronchiole Larynx Trachea Pleura
Definition
bronchiole
Term
What feature is an incorrect statement about the avian respiratory system?
Birds use a syrinx to vocalize Air movement through the avian lung is continuous Avian lungs mainatin a constant volume Birds lack a diaphragm Air sacs are the primary site of gas exchange
Definition
Air sacs are the primary site of gas exchange
Term
Where in the body would you expect to find sinusoidal capillaries?
Dermis Central nervous system Uterus Kidney Bone marrow
Definition
bone marrow
Term
An inhibitory neurotransmitter is one that:
Enhances sodium-potassium ion pumps Moves the action potential toward threshold Moves the action potential away from threshold Activates ligand gated calcium channels Increases neuronal sensitivity to other chemicals
Definition
Moves the action potential away from threshold
Term
What structure promotes cell-to-cell transmission of the action potential in the heart?
Rapid intravenous infusion of large amounts of potassium can be lethal. What is the mechanism by which this occurs?
Stops the power stroke of myosin
Dramatically decreases intracellular calcium concentration and prevents cardiac muscle contraction
Correct!
Prevents movement of potassium ions out of cardiomyocytes and blocks normal depolarization/repolarization process.
Forces voltage gated sodium channels to stay open
Prevents actin-myosin decoupling in cardiomyocytes
Definition
Prevents movement of potassium ions out of cardiomyocytes and blocks normal depolarization/repolarization process.
Term
What role do intracellular calcium ions play in neuronal signal transmission?
Activates calcium gated sodium channels
Correct!
Causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with cellular membrane
Move membrane towards threshold
Decreases likelihood of depolarization
Binds to receptors on post-synaptic membrane
Definition
Causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with cellular membrane
Term
According to Starling’s forces all of the following conditions will promote edema except:
Increased plasma solute concentration Decreased tissue hydrostatic pressure A decrease in plasma solutes Increased blood pressure Increased tissue solutes
Definition
Increased plasma solute concentration
Term
How can pulmonary edema affect lung function?
Edema increase the velocity of air flow and reduces gas exchange ! Edema thickens the interalveolar septum and reduces effective gas exchange Edema causes constriction of the trachea Edema blocks active transport of oxygen from the alveolus to RBC Edema reduces the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs
Definition
Edema thickens the interalveolar septum and reduces effective gas exchange
Term
All of the following statements accurately describe antigen presenting cells (APCs) except?
Express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II Neutrophils can act as APCs Monocytes can act as APCs Express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I Can help activate cytotoxic T-cells
Definition
Neutrophils can act as APCs
Term
Which of the following statements regarding kidneys is incorrect?
Approximately 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed before being released as urine The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and consists of the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and renal calyx. Kidneys receive approximately 20% of cardiac output Cows exhibit a lobulated kidney in contrast to most other species Kidney functions include waste removal, acid/base balance, and endocrine function.
Definition
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and consists of the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and renal calyx.
Term
Laminitis involves inflammation and damage to what structure?
Which of the following actions is a known function of microglia?
Extracellular ion balance Provide myelin sheath to axons Neurotransmitter uptake Blood-brain barrier activity Phagocytosis
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
Which of the following does not accurately describe smooth muscle function?
Contraciton forces are transmitted cell-to-cell Requires activation of the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) Contraction is usually slow and sustained Uses increase in intracellular potassium to trigger the contractile process Under control of the autonomic nervous system
Definition
Uses increase in intracellular potassium to trigger the contractile process
Term
What drives movement of oxygen from the alveoli to the RBC in lungs?
High partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli as compared to the blood
High partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli as compared to the blood
Active transport of oxygen to RBCs
Low air pressure in the pleural space
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Definition
High partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli as compared to the blood
Term
Which of the following does not accurately describe the spleen?
Has afferent lymphatic flow A site of red blood cell storage Periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths contain T-cells Site of red blood cell destruction May exhibit extramedullary hematopoiesis
Definition
Has afferent lymphatic flow
Term
In class we talked about a dog with heart disease. What structure in the kidney responded to decreased cardiac output, what substance did it release, and what was the net physiologic effect?
Carotid body, angiotensin, decreased water retention Juxtaglomerular apparatus, renin, increased water retention Carotid sinus, aldosterone, increased water retention Carotid sinus, angiotensin, decreased water retention Juxtaglomerular apparatus, angiotensin, increased water retention
Definition
Juxtaglomerular apparatus, renin, increased water retention
Term
Which statement accurately describes B-lymphocytes?
Acts as a phagocyte Can produce multiple different antibodies Mediates direct killing of virus infected cells Does not express MHC I The primary cell of humoral immunity
Definition
The primary cell of humoral immunity
Term
All of the following statements regarding interalveolar septum are correct except:
Small amount of connective tissue may be present Forms the blood-gas barrier Site of gas exchange Forms wall between adjacent alveoli Consists of Type I pneumocytes, basement membrane, smooth muscle layer, and endothelial cells
Definition
Consists of Type I pneumocytes, basement membrane, smooth muscle layer, and endothelial cells
Term
All of the following are properties or effects of Schwann cells except:
Increased neuronal signal speed Concentration of ion channels at nodes of Ranvier Saltatory signal conduction Insulates axons A Schwann cell ensheathes multiple dendrites
Definition
A Schwann cell ensheathes multiple dendrites
Term
Which location in the body would you expect to find smooth muscle?
As discussed in class urethral blockage in cats is a potentially life threatening condition. What is the biggest concern associated with urethral blockage?
Pulmonary edema due to increased intravascular pressure Potential for rupture of the urinary bladder and release of urine into abdominal space Arrhythmia due to hyperkalemia Development of renal blood clots Post-renal azotemia causing metabolic disturbance of the CNS
Definition
Arrhythmia due to hyperkalemia
Term
Which statement regarding the thymus is incorrect?
May contain thymic (Hassal’s) corpuscles Regresses in mature animals Site of lymphocyte replication/production Located on the cranial aspect of the heart Site of T-cell selection
Definition
Site of lymphocyte replication/production
Term
What structure(s) senses changes to blood pH??
The carotid body The carotid sinus The carotid body and carotid sinus Juxtaglomerular apparatus Pineal gland
