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Histo exam 1
histo 1
104
Other
Pre-School
01/27/2012

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Term

What can go thru gap junctions? 

What affects permeability?

Definition

-small ions, sugar, small nucleotides etc less than 1500 mw

-Ph, calcium, cAMP

Term
name the 3 types of exocrine secretion and what they do
Definition

Merocrine--exocytosis w out loss of plasma membrane--serous and mucous

 

apocrine --at apical part. vesicular. lose part of cyto.

holocrine--entire cell becomes secretory material

Term

what are the components of CT? 

what are the components of extracellular matrix? 

 

Definition

In CT, have cells and EM

 

In EM, have: 

fibers (collagen or elastic)

structural glycoproteins

ground substance (GAGs + proteoglycans)

(non sulfated GAG is hyaluronic acid)

Term

Types of Collagen-- Where and what? 

type 1

type 2 

type 3

type 4

Definition

1: in bone, tendon, skin--desnse reg CT

2: hyelin and elastic cartilidge

3: stroma of lymphatic organs and glands, spleen; reticulin/loose CT.  

4: only basement membrane of epith cell; dont form fibrils 

Term
in blood vessel, the basement membrane is called...?
Definition
the basal lamina
Term
Who makes type 4 collagen ? and what is this collagen called for a cell 
Definition

schwann cell

" external lamina" not basal lamina bc no polarity

Term
in exocrine glands, how do you stain for Serous glands? for mucous glands? 
Definition

serous-->purple, acidophilic

mucous-->HE, pale (confirm with PAS)

Term
what stain can you use to differentiate type 1 collagen from type 3?
Definition
silver
Term
What do fibroblasts make?
Definition

collagen fibers (64 nm, dark/light)-? collagen 1

elastic fibers--aorta

Term
what makes elastic fibers in elastic cartilage?
Definition
chondroblasts and chondrocytes in the cartilage make it. 
Term
microfibrils contain...?
Definition
fibrillin, a glycoprotein for the formation of elastic fibers in CT
Term
elastic fibers are made of ...?
Definition
elastin and microfibrils 
Term
What do pro-myelocytes become in the next stage?
Definition

either:

eosinophilic myelocytes

neutrophilic myelocytes

basophilic myelocytes (not important) 

Term
characteristics of Eosinophil
Definition

WBC

cyto has pinkish eosinophilic granules

bilobed 

smaller than promyelocytes, and myelocytes 

Term

which type of WBC has a nucleus that gets more and more indented as it matures

 

also monocytes/macrophage

Definition
neutrophil---as metamyelocyte its slightly indented, then as neutrophilic band cell it is horseshoe, then neutrophil w multi lobed nucleus 
Term
what are the stages of Granulopoeisis?
Definition

-myeloblast

-promyelocyte

-e/n/b myelocyte

(- n metamyelocyte)

(-n band cell)

eosinophil/neutrophil/(basophil)

Term
what are the stages of erythropoeisis?
Definition

Proerythroblast

Basophilic erythroblast

polychromatic erythroblast

orthochromatic erythroblast=normoblast

reticulocyte

erythrocyte

Term
describe a monocyte
Definition

a large phagocytic white blood cell 

 

becomes macrophage

big, has a big nucleus w indent 

Term
thrombocytes become...?
Definition
platelets
Term
what kinds of leukocytes (WBC) do we have, in order of most common to least?
Definition

neutrophil

lymphocytes

monocyte

eosinophil

basophil

Term
eosinophils are precurers for...?
Definition
mast cells
Term
basophils are very _
Definition
granulated
Term

monocytes have what type of nucleus?

what do they differentiate into? when in final mature state are they bigger or smaller

Definition

horshoe shaped

macrophages

macrophages in tissue are big!

Term

what are macrophages in the liver called?

in the skin? 

Definition

kuppfer cells

langerhans cells

Term
B lymphocytes can become what type of cells? what do these release? 
Definition

plasma cells

antibodies

Term
lymphocytes are same/smaller/or bigger than RBCs?
Definition
only slightly larger, nucleus same size
Term
microglia is?
Definition
macrophage in CNA
Term

what percent azurophilic and specific granules do neutrophils have? 

how many lobes do they have? 

Definition

they have 80% azurophilic non specific granules

20% specific granules-alkaline phosphatase

3 tp 5 "polymorph nucleus"

Term
why are venules called inflammatory vessels? 
Definition
bc all leukocytes  (WBCs) prefer to move in venules , from circulation into CT. they have think weak walls w little CT
Term
what is a PUS cell? 
Definition
when neutrophils get into CT, become terminally differentiated to do phagocytosis and can only live a few days... kill themselves when do phagocytosis-->form PUS!
Term
which chemical? is a marker of neutrohils
Definition
alkaline phosphatase (from their 20% specific granules) 
Term
what do you see in a stain for a plasma cell? 
Definition
basophilic cyto. off center clock-face nucleus w golgi "hof area" next to it 
Term
who responds to acute inflammation? to chronic? 
Definition

acute--neutrophil

chronic--eosinophil (more selective than neutrophil when doing phagocytosis)

Term
who has IgE receptor?
Definition

eosinophil, mast cell, basophil

 

(maybe others too but don't think so)

Term

who does mast cell differentiate from? 

what stain do you use to recognize a mast cell?

Definition

eosinophil

toluidine blue--bc of heparin, turns maroon

Term
what do megakaryocytes become? 
Definition
platelets 
Term
what are two Hormone-like HGFS? (hematopoietic growth Factors 
Definition

erythropoietin-in kidney to make RBCs when sense low O2

thrombopoeitin-same level prod'd by liver all the time, to stimulate megakaryocyte-->platelets (=thrombocytes). when mass of these, degrade the thrombopoeitin

Term
what stain do you use for reticulocytes to see RNA? 
Definition
mythelene blue
Term
who does endoreduplication and what is it? 
Definition

magakaryocytes

DNA rep without cell division--cell gets bigger, nucleus mutlilobulated

Term
what do basophils have that mast cells dont have? 
Definition

myloperoxidase

 

but both have IgE receptor, heparin, histamine, ECF (eosinophilic chemotactic factor, to attract eosinophil to site of allergic response)

 

but also have myloperoxidase (like neutrophils-->pus)

Term
do erythrocytes have granules?
Definition
no!
Term
what are the cytoskeleton proteins in erythrocytes? 
Definition
spectrin, ankyrin
Term
what do platelets have for clotting? 
Definition

---fibrinogen

---von willebrand factor (adhere platelet to vessel endothelium)

serotonin (constrict blood vessels)

PDGF  (to make collagen at site)

 

Term
what does the endothelium of elastic arteries make to constrict/relax
Definition

endothelin-constrict

NO-relax

Term
elastic artery layers
Definition

intima, then internal elastic membrane, media, eternal elastic membrane, adventitia (outermost layer)

 

(smooth muscle cells maintain media)

(vessels and nerves in adventitia)

 

Term
what do smooth muscle cells (in media) in elastic arteries do?
Definition

contractile

athergenesis

proliferation (in response to injury)

migration (from media to intima)

synthesis (elastic fibers)

Term

elastic arteries are called _?

muscular arteries are called _?

Definition

compliance/conductance artery

distribution artery

Term
how do you recognize muscular artery as opposed to an elastic artery?
Definition

less elastic so the IEM internal elastic membrane and EEM are deeply stained. media is smaller bc less elastic fiber there, mosty made of smooth muscle

-large circular lumen

Term

does small muscular artery has IEM? EEM? 

how many layers?

Definition

has IEM but not really EEM

5-6 layers, can be considered arteriole" 

Term
venule v musc arteriole v capillary
Definition
[image]
Term

what is the function of pericytes?

where are they found? 

Definition
found outside endothelium (mostly around the endoth layers of the capillary network of the brain). help cap's and venules contract and move blood  along.
Term
continuous capillary v. fenestrated capillary? what do you see and where are they found
Definition

cont cap-in skeletal muscle, CNS (blood brain barrier), lung. see continuous basal lamina

 

fenestrated cap: see diaphragms on fenestrations in endotheial cell cyto=openings thru cyto. in endocrine glands, kidney, GI

Term
vena cava--IEM or EEM? how is the smooth muscle arranged
Definition

 

smooth muscle longitudinally arranged  in adventitia, while circularly arranged in media and no IEM or EEM,.

very small intima

vasa vasoram and nervi vasorum

Term
what are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
Definition

inner--endocardium

then myocardium

then epicardium (outermost)

Term

what is the epicardium covered by? 

what is it made up of? 

Definition

think layer of simple squamous epith=mesothelium (which lines the pericardium)

 

--has fibroelastic and adipose tissue

very little perkinje fibers

see coronary vessel branches 

Term

what is in the myocardium? 

 

(hint: what would you see in cardiac muscle?)

Definition

lots of endomesium (layer that cover individual muscle fibers)= big white spaces

gap jxn

lipofuschin pigments (old people, wear+tear)

intercalated disks! always at Zline!

desmosome-bind muscle cells together

fascia adherens--( broad intercellular junction in the longitudinal sections of an intercalated disk )--NOT a band like zonula adherens

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term

what does atrial cardiac muscle produce?

(hint: what Factor)

Definition

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

 

heart is endocrine organ, it makes hormone!

released in response to atrial stretch, and this hormone goes to kidney as diuretic

Term
endocardium--what is it joined by? what does it lack that myocardium has? 
Definition

joined by gap jxns/desmosomes

has glycogen, subendocardium

doesnt have intercalated disks

Term
which type of muscle has satellite cells? what do they do? where are they found specifically? 
Definition

skeletal muscle 

for muscle regeneration!

look for them surrounding muscle in cross section, esp in EM, around external lamina 

Term
which band never shortens?
Definition
A band! (which is the thick dark filament=myosin)
Term
which muscle types have SR? 
Definition
cardiac and skeletal muscle  have sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
which muscle type  has triad? diad? what is that made up of? and where is it exactly? 
Definition

triad: skeletal,  T-tubule and pair of Terminal Cisternae (at end of SR), at AI junction

diad: cardiac muscle; only 1 T-tubule and 1 side of SR. at Z line 

Term
what is a t tubule?
Definition

a deep invagination of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma membrane, only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. 

allow depol of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell

Term
what are the 3 units of troponin?
Definition

C-Ca binding

T-tropomyosin binding

I-inhibit myosin binding

Term
what is Duchenne's muscular dystrophy? 
Definition
deficiency of dystrophin--protein that links the cytoskeleton and ECM and stabilizes sarcolemma during contraction. if dont have it, sarc is disrupted and Ca can enter whenever--> muscle fiber necrosis 
Term
what does tropomyosin do? 
Definition
wraps around actin filament in skel muscle over the myosin binding site to reg contraction
Term

how do you recognize SMOOTH MUSCLE ? (ex. in cross section, longitudinally)

what do they have instead of t tubules? 

what is calmodulin? 

can they regenerate? 

Definition

actin and myosin arent organized as myofibrils here

central nucleus---but when view in cross section only some appear

--longitudinally, no striations

--Instead of t tubules, have CALVEOLAE=vesicles/invaginations on plasma membrane that take in Ca

CALMODULIN-binds Ca coming in

-gap jxns

-yes! can regenerate!

Term
what type of cells dont have gap junctions? 
Definition
skeletal muscles
Term
one gap jxn is composed of 2 ___?
Definition
connexons! hemichannel--one from each opposing cell, they connect and form chan from one cell's cyto to the next! woohoo
Term

-list of 4 things that smooth muscle has

-1 thing it doesnt have that skeletal and cardiac muscle has 

Definition

dense bodies

caveolae

calmodulin

gap jxns

 

no troponin

Term
which type of muscle branches?
Definition
cardiac
Term
[image]
Definition

cardiac muscle!

 

central nucleus, lots of endomysium (white), intercalated disks

Term
[image]
Definition

smooth muscle

 

central nuclei (only some appear in cross section)

dense bodies

less endomysium than in cardiac muscle

dense bodies

Term
do ventricles or atrium have thicker myocardium? endocardium?
Definition

vent--have thicker myocardium

atria have thicker endocardium

Term
what is the special stain for nervous tissue? 
Definition
Kluver barerra stain
Term
What are Nissl Bodies and where are they found? 
Definition

-large granular body found in neurons. they are Rough ER (polyribosomes), and are the site of protein synthesis...bc neurons actively synthesize proteins

 

--specifically found in dendrites and cell body, NOT in axons. 

 

Term
Neuroglia come from __? 
Definition
neurotube
Term

protoplasmic v fibrous astrocyte--which has thicker/thinner cell process? 

which is grey/white matter? 

Definition

protoplasmic astrocyte: grey, thicker

fibrous astrocyte: white, thinner

Term
what is the only type of neuroglia that comes from mast cells?
Definition
microglia ---only one that doesnt come from neurotube
Term

what is NEUROGLIA?

what types of neuroglia are there ?

what are 2 characteristics that (almost) all neuroglia have? 

Definition

Neuroglia is CT (connective tissue) for the nervous system

---protoplasmic astrocyte, fibrous astrocyte, oligodendrocytes, microglia

1.all can proliferate

2.all come from neurotube except for microglia (from mast cells)

 

Term
what characterstic distinguishes oligodendrocytes from other neuroglia? 
Definition
fewer cell processes
Term
what type of neuroglia form the blood brain barrier/form vascular end feet
Definition

astrocytes

they contact continuous capillaries 

Term
what stain do you use to stain for astrocyte? 
Definition

immunoperoxidase stain for GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), which is associated w intermediate filaments, the main fibers of astrocytes/glia. 

 

Term

what is the relationship btwn glial cell and  neuron? 

 (of astrocyte, of oligodendocyte)

Definition

 

-->astrocyte cell process: some impinge on capillary, others contact neuron. astrocyte mediates metabolic/nutrient exchange btwn blood and neuron

--> oligodendocyte: make myelin for neuron (one oligodendrocyte myelinates several axons at once, diff than schwann cell)

Term

What are the 3 layers that surround Peripheral Nerve (in PNS)

 

Are periph nerves myelinated, non-myel, or mixed? 

Definition

1. Epineurium--surround groups of fasicles

2. Perineurium (2-3 layers of epithelial cells)--surround single fasicle

3. Endoneurium: individ axon, just looks like space 

 

Peripheral Nerves are Mixed nerves!

Term

which stain stains for lipids/myelin? 

 

How many axons does one schwann cell myelinate?  And can schwann cells proliferate? 

Definition

OsO4 stain

 

-ONE axon, from internode to internode, but an also provide ensheathment for several non-myelinated axons 

yes they can proliferate to repair PNS!

Term

impulse conduction is based on

1

2

3

 

Definition

1-length of internodes

2- thickness of myelin

3-diam of ion (bigger=faster)

Term
"___" conduction to successive Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
Saltatory conduction  (it leaps)
Term
Schmidt-Lantermann clefts: what are they 
Definition

 run along axons: cytoplasm splits open along these clefts => space

Run from surface to inside of axon, allows transfer from outside of myelin to insid

Term

What is the diff btwn Anterograde and Retrograde  (for axoplasmic flow)

 

what is the diff btwn slow and fast transport?

Definition

 axonal transport of proteins synth'd in cell bodies to  and from axon is via axoplasmic flow

 

-anterograde: cell body to terminal/synapse

(Fast

-Retrograde: axon toward cell body (req DYNEIN)

 

Slow: protein transport

Fast: vesicular transport, req's KINESIN (along microtubules down axon)

 

Term
name 3 types of neuron synapses
Definition

1. axo-dendritic (excitatory

2. axo-somatic (inhibitory

3. axo-axonic (modulatory

Term
axo dendritic synapse if for which type of neuron? 
Definition
bipolar (retina, olfactory nerve, cochlea)
Term

axo somatic synapse if for which type of neuron? 

Definition
pseudo-unipolar (DRG)
Term

axo-axonic synapse if for which type of neuron? 

Definition
multipolar (motor ganglia)
Term
What is Aueurbach's plexus or "myenteric plexus"
Definition

 

 

Aueurbach's plexus is parasympathetic ganglia  btwn one layer of longitudinal  smooth muscle and one layer of circular smooth muscle, in GI. responsible for contraction in GI. 

 

Term
WHat synthesizes Type II cartilidge?
Definition
chondroblasts and chondrocytes
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