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Histo 2 Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
67
Histology
Professional
09/29/2013

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Term
➢ Pulmonary Circuit
Definition
• Takes deoxygenated blood from the heart, to the lungs, and returns it to the heart
Term
➢ Systemic circuit
Definition
• Moves blood and oxygen to all the cells of the body, removing carbon dioxide, then returns it to the heart
Term
➢ Blood Flow
Definition
• From Body (Deoxygenated) → Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Lungs (Oxygenated) → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Body
Term
• Pericardium
Definition
a double serous membrane
o fluid (white space) that is produced will be trapped within the double membrane; serous membrane
2 membranes of pericardium (outer and inner leaflets
• visceral pericardium
• Parietal pericardium
Term
• Parietal pericardium
Definition
 Outside layer...further away from the heart
Term
• Visceral pericardium
Definition
 layer immediately next to the heart…IN CONTACT WITH THE HEART
 Heart Wall
Term
3 layers of the heart wall
Definition
• Epicardium
• Myocardium
• Endocardium
Term
Epicardium
Definition
– outermost layer
o Mesothelial cells – cover outermost surface of the heart (visceral pericardium)
• Mesothelial cells play a role in secreting serous fluid
o Connective tissues containing blood vessels and nerves for the heart function
o Adipose tissue that surrounds the vessels and nerves
Term
In epicardium, ____ surrounds vessels
Definition
Adipose tissue
Term
In the epicardium, Mesothelial cells play a role in
Definition
secreting serous fluid
Term
The middle, thickest layer of the heart wall is known as
Definition
myocardium,

o Contains cardiac muscle tissue
Term
• Greatest force is produced by which chamber of the heart?
Definition
the left ventricle
Term
o Desmosomes and intercalated discs have what function in myocardial tissue?
Definition
maintain alignment of cells
Term
Which layer of the heart is in direct contact with the blood?
Definition
The endocardium
Term
• Endocardium is lined with of what type of epithelial tissue?
Definition
simple squamous
Term
What types of tissue make up the endocardium?
Definition
simple squamous (lining layer), connective tissue, smooth muscle cells
Term
Describe the the subendocardial layer
Definition
o Deepest layer of dense connective tissue

continuous with the connective tissue of the myocardium
Term
Nodal system
Definition
o Intrinsic conduction system

• Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way
Term
Describe how the signal is moved throughout the heart, causing a contraction
Definition
SA Node autorhythmic cells → AV Node → AV Bundles (Bundles of His) → Bundle Branches → Purkinje Fibers
Term
• Signals to contract, function in controlling the ________ pump in the cardiovascular system
Definition
primary pump
Term
Where is the secondary pump in the cardiovascular system?
Definition
a secondary pump in the legs…skeletal muscle lies very close to the vein
• As we walk, skeletal muscle contracts, creates bulges, which will squeeze the blood in the vein and try to push it back to the superior vena cava
Term
__________maintain the direction of blood in one direction help prevent backflow
Definition
Valves
Term
T/F Cardiovascular valves are present in veins and arteries
Definition
False
Valves of the cardiovascular system are seen only in Veins
Term
Describe the vessels of cardiovascular system
Definition
:Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins
Term
Compare and contrast veins and arteries
Definition
Arteries
• Arteries usually have a thicker layer, due to more muscle in the wall
• The lumen of the artery contains a lot of folding, i, waving
overall shape of artery is REGULAR

lining of the vein is smooth
• Shape is irregular – thin walls
• Diameter of the vein lumen is much greater than the artery
Term
3 types of capillaries
Definition
• Continuous
• Fenestrated
• Sinusoidal/discontinuous
Term
Continuous Capillaries
Definition
 Most common
 simple squamous epithelial cells
clefts present
 small vesicles help transport across the wall of the capillary… pinocytotic (small)
 basement membrane helps to maintain integrity of the capillary wall
• also helps filter and exchange materials
• Least amount of exchange
Term
Which type of capillary allows the least amount of exchange between blood and connective tissue?
Definition
continuous
Term
Fenestrated Capillaries
Definition
 contains pores through the individual cells
 pinocytotic vesicles
 Intercellular clefts – gaps between cells
 tight junctions
 primary difference between and fenestrated and continuous is allows even greater exchange between blood and connective tissue
Term
Sinusoidal/discontinuous Capillaries
Definition
 very large spaces persist
 the lumen is much wider than the lumen of the other 2 capillaries described
• Greatest amount of exchange
 exists where prolonged exchange of blood and nutrients in necessary (i.e. liver cells)
Term
• Pericytes
(Aka Rouget cells or perivascular cells)
Definition
CT on outside of Capillaries (& Venules)

o Surrounded by basal lamina beneath the endothelial cells

giving rise to additional smooth muscle cells

• Give rise to fibroblasts
Term
Walls of the capillaries don't contain ________
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
Direct Diffusion at Capillary Beds
Definition
lipid-soluble
Term
Direct Diffusion through Intercellular cleft at capillary beds
Definition
water soluble
Term
Diffusion through pore at capillary bed
Definition
water soluble
Term
Pinocytosis at capillary bed
Definition
large molecules
Term
Purpose of Hemidesmosomes in cardiovascular system
Definition
• Helps give support and adhesiveness to the components of the basement membrane
Term
3 layers of Blood vessels in cardiovascular system
Definition
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
Term
Tunica Intima
Definition
Inner Layer

 Continuous with the endothelium of the heart wall
Term
Tunica Media
Definition
Middle Layer


 Smooth muscle
 can also contain internal elastic lamina (absent from most of the veins)
 Controlled by sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
Term
Tunica Externa
Definition
 Mostly fibrous connective tissue
 outermost layer (also known as adventicia)
 connective tissue that surrounds external organs and tissues
Term
In which types of vessels do tunicas exist?
Definition
Arteries, Capillaries

NOT CAPILLARIES
Term
3 Classifications of Arteries
Definition
Elastic, Muscular, Arterioles
Term
Elastic Artery (Conducting Artery)
Definition
o Largest of all arteries in the body

are smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers in tunica media

o Vasa vasorum (vessels of vessels) are present in the tunica adventitia

contains Weibel-Palade Bodies
Term
o Weibel-Palade Bodies
Definition
component of Elastic Arteries


• Rod–like structures in the endothelial cells of arteries
• Contain von Willebrand factor (aka coagulating factor VIII)
• Formed within endothelium, primarily in arteries but in other vessels as well
 Contain factor in the clotting cascade
Term
In elastic arteries, where are the Vasa Vasorum located?
Definition
present in the tunica adventitia
• Provide nutrients to the wall of the vessels
Term
Muscular Artery (Distributing Artery)
Definition
o Take blood from elastic arties and feed them into surrounding arterioles

o circular arrangement of smooth muscles cells in the tunica media; may approach 8 layers of muscle
Term
Describe the Tunica Adventitia of the Muscular Artery
Definition
external elastic lamina separating the t. media and t.adventia
• Layer is approx. the same width as tunica media
Term
Describe the Tunica Media of the Muscular Artery
Definition
• More smooth muscle & less elastin than in elastic arteries
 Predominant in the conducting arteries
Term
Arterioles
Definition
o arterial vessels less than 100 um
o internal elastic lamina is present in the tunica intima
o Spirals of (one or two layers) of smooth muscle cells and +/- external elastic lamina in the tunica media
o tunica adventitia approaches the width of the tunica media
Term
Describe the tunica intima of arterioles
Definition
o internal elastic lamina is present
Term
Describe the Tunica MEdia of Aterioles
Definition
o Spirals of (one or two layers) of smooth muscle cells and +/- external elastic lamina
Term
Describe the tunica media of elastic arteries
Definition
smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers
Term
Describe the tunica adventitia
Definition
contains vasa vasorun
Term
__________ is absent in smaller venules but present in larger ones.
Definition
Tunica Media
Term
Compare the walls and lumen of the venules to arterioles
Definition
o much larger lumen and thinner walls than arteriol
Term
Where are pericytes seen in venules
Definition
along the tunica intima
Term
Where do medium-sized veins collect blood?
Definition
venules
Term
Describe the tunica intima of medium-sized veins
Definition
contains thin internal elastic lamina and valves
Term
Which layer tissue is generally the bulk of the vessel in medium-sized veins
Definition
Tunica Adventitia
Term
Describe the layers of large veins
Definition
Thin walls with valves that are not well defined The Tunica Adventita is the thickest longitudinally arranged smooth muscle fibers
Term
In which valves are the vasa vasorum frequently seen in large veins?
Definition
Tunica Adventitia
Term
Describe the blood pressure in each type of vessel
Definition
Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena Cava
Term
Do heart muscles need nerve impulses to contract?
Definition
No, they have a nodal system, which controls contraction
Term
in which covering of the heart will fluid produced be trapped within a double membrane?
Definition
Pericardium
Term
which valves are pericytes found?
Definition
Capillaries and Venules
Term
Pericytes are surrounded by _________ beneath the endothelial cell
Definition
Basal Lamina
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