Term
|
Definition
where serous cells are typically found
grape-like clutser, round or oval shape in any cut direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serous cell capping tubules that are made of mucous cells
found in submandibular and sublingual glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non descript lining cells
structures in larger salivary glands leave through this, outer diameter is smaller than serous acinus or mucous tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed by conversion of intercalated ducts
larger, cleaner lumen than interacalated
striated appearance at base of cell |
|
|
Term
| interlobular (excretory) ducts |
|
Definition
form by conversion of striated ducts
become increasing in size
lined by stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium as they leave salivary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
almost all serous cells
many intercalated and striated ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mixed serous and mucous cells
many striated ducts with a few intercalated ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mixed cells, but mostly mucous
only a few striated ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluid with enzymes and mucous added
processed as it travels through duct system
sticky (nervous) or watery (ready to eat) |
|
|
Term
| inorganic components of saliva |
|
Definition
low in sodium due to absorption in ducts
buffered with bicarbonate
high in calcium and phosphate (allows remineralization of enamel) |
|
|
Term
| protein components of saliva |
|
Definition
alpha-amylase
proline-rich proteins
lysozyme
mucus
immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in saliva
enzyme that degrades carbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in saliva
produced by serous cells
antimicrobial and important for biofilm formation on tooth which helps resist exogenous bacterial growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in saliva
antibacterial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extremely important to oral function
lubrication to chew and swallow food |
|
|
Term
| immunoglobulins in saliva |
|
Definition
mostly IgA
from minor salivary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces secretions, has acinar structure that produces fluid and enzymes, has endocrine pancreatic islets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
minor portion of pancreas volume
endocrine tissue of pancreas
produces insulin (beta) and glucagon (alpha) and somatostain (delta)
tiny amount of F and PP production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimulates acinar cells to secrete their proenzymes
stimulates GB to contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced by acinar cells of exocrine pancreas
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, protease E, kalllikreinogen, procarboxypeptidases
alpha-amylase, lipases, nucleases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
of exocrine pancrease
water and ion secretion
stimulated by secretin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates exocrine pancreas duct cells to secrete ions and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of pancreas
pro-enzymes released by pancreas are activated prematurely and self-digestion occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
seen only in pancrease
duct cell seen in the middle of acinar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
largest gland in body
secretes bile
sees all products entering blood from the GI tract before it reaches the heart and rest of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluid that contains amphipathic salts or acids, that are important for fat digestion
act as detergent to suspend fat in lumen of intestine
produced by hepatocytes and flows opposite direction of blood in the sinusoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
functional cells of liver
remove or chemically alter substances in blood from GI tract
recycle bile
secrete plasma proteins into blood
store glucose as glycogen in fed state
synthesize albumin, fibrinogen, lipoprotiens an transferrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood spaces, cords/plates of hepatocytes
incompletely lined by endothelium
blood flows through and is intimate contact with hepatocytes for secretion, absorption and changes in the blood content by the hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| row of cells that are closely associated and stuck together with junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collects blood from the liver sinusoids
join together to form hepatic vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tiny spaces defined by hepatocytes
where bile is first produced
lumen of each is separated from other intercellular spaces by tight junctions
join together to form larger bile ductules or ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are where branches of portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct system are all found together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area in which a portal triad is found along with lymph vesels and nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka space of Disse
extravascular fluid region next to hepatocytes, inbetween endothelial cells of sinusoids and hepatocytes
fluid within is what the hepatocytes deal directly with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Ito cells
special cells in the perisinusoidal space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macrophages in the sinusoids and perisinusoidal space of liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lined with epithelium
located at edge of liver lobule
earliest are called canals of Hering and merge to form larger bile ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
portal triads at periphery, blood moves inter center of lobule to central vein
bile produced, moves out of central lobule toward periphery and taken away by bile ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with ithis region all the hepatocytes are secreting bile into same collecting system (NOT USED) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
grape-shaped region of tissue with axis of blood vessels and bile duct sturctures at its center
vessels feed blood into set of cells and ducts draw bile from the cell in the region |
|
|
Term
| Zone I of hepatic acinus lobule |
|
Definition
closest to axis
closest to fresh blood from hepatic artery
highest in oxygen and highest in glucose |
|
|
Term
| Zone III of hepatic acinus lobule |
|
Definition
periphery of lobule, closest to central vein
lowest oxygen and lowest glucose
highest in metabolites because build up as blood flows by
where cells dies first and are most susceptible to injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced in SER of hepatocytes and secreted across membrane into canaliculus
cholic acid is conjugated weith glycine and taurine
reabsorbed by epithelial cells of ileum
recycled by liver in sinusoids and returned to bile space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
breakdown product of hemoglobin
sugar is added to in SER of hepatocytes and secreted into bile or back into blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthesized by hepatocytes
important for maintain blood volume and normal vascular function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major clotting factor produced by hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthesized by liver
carry lipids in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthesized by hepatocytes
important for iron transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stores bile for liver
absorbs all the water and salt from it to make into small volume and higher concentration
lined by simple columnar epithelium with apical brush border to help absorb salt and water
irregular muscularis section causes crazy folding of gland; true serosa lining with CT and mesothelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oral cavity -> esophagus -> stomach -> duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum -> cecum (appendix) -> colon -> rectum -> anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
functions to reduce food size and mix with amylases for initial carb digestion
lined with mucous membrane (non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)
lamina propria and submucosa blend with no intermittent mucularis
small salivary glands scattered throughout |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transports food to abdominal region
non-keratinized stratified squamous epitelium
no glands in lamina propria
muscularis mucosae made of longitudinal SMC
submucosa has mucous glands
mucularis externa have skeletal at top and transitions to SMC descending
serosa is adventitia in upper portion then only mesothelium in abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mixing, acidification, and peptidase which turns it into chime
anatomical division: cardium, fundus, body, pylorus
lined by surface mucous cells that invaginate to form pits
rugae form surface texture
submucosa has NO glands
mucularis externa = 3 layers, outer longitudinal, middle circular, and internal oblique
most is true serosa |
|
|
Term
| pyloric sphincter function |
|
Definition
| gatekeeper of food movement from stomach to duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absorb nutrients into blood
characterized by villi, microvilli, plicae circulares, Brunner's glands (only duodenum), crypts of Lieberkuhn, paneth cells, goblet cells, and M-cells
muscuaris externa is outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glands that act to neutralize chime by secretion of alkaline fluid
location of pancreatic duct termination for addition of bicarbonate, enzymes, and bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form feces, absorb water
characterized by haustra
mucosa: columnar absorptive cells, goblet cells, undifferentiated cells
submucosa: crypts of Lieberkuhn
muscularis externa: tenia coli and inner circular; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
skin - outer layer
vermillion - red part, hairless, no glands, runs along surface (lips proper)
mucous membrane - interior, wet |
|
|
Term
| parakeratinized epithelium |
|
Definition
keratinized by not complete transformation into squames
staining different at surface but nuclei persist all the way to surface
found on tongue surface on filliform papillae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elongated, conical shape
provide roughness of tongue
most numerous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "red bumps", have taste buds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large, with cleft that encircles the papilla
numerous taste buds within the cleft
clefts are irrigated by serous glands of the tongue
make a "V" at the back of the tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serous glands of the tongue
irrigate the clefts of circumvallate papillae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have taste cells, witch have receptor that interact with food molecules
send signal to associated nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something that tastes fresh, associated with glutamic acid (MSG) |
|
|
Term
| basal cells of taste buds |
|
Definition
| stem cells, give rise to other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has actual taste receptors, interacts with nerve endings to give taste signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect to the tooth via epithelial attachement of Gottlieb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where gingiva attaches to the enamel
depth is measured to dx gingivitis |
|
|
Term
| epithelial attachment of Gottlieb |
|
Definition
how gingiva attach to enamel of tooth
attach to mineral in very strong way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visible part of town, covered by enamel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hardest material in body
96% calcium salts with a matrix of non-collagenous proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covered by cementum, inserts into bone with in alveolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cavity in bone into which the root of a tooth inserts
usually woven bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted calcium salts and non-collagenous proteins to make the enamel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
covers the roots of teeth
similar to bone, made by cementocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
harder than bone, matrix is collagen I
formed by odontoblasts
makes up bulk of tooth goes up to crown of tooth under the enamel lining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form the dentin, do not reside in matrix, but lie at surface of dentin
extend dentinal processes through small dental tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tip of root where blood vessels and nerves enter into pulp cavity of tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area in the very middle of the tooth
has vessels and nerves that supply both the tooth and nourish the odontoblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extension from the odontoblasts |
|
|
Term
| tubular gut layer: mucosa |
|
Definition
innermost layer, consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
epithelium changes throughout, lamina propria may or may not have glands and structure of muscularis changes |
|
|
Term
| tubular gut layer: submucosa |
|
Definition
main CT layer in tubular gut
contains blood vessels, nerves and sometimes glands |
|
|
Term
| tubular gut layer: muscularis externa |
|
Definition
main body of muscle in tubular gut
large muscle layer, much thicker than muscularis mucosae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
covers the outside
true = mesothelium on surface, slippery lines peritoneal cavity
aventitia = just CT, no mesothelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
line stomach
invaginate to form pits, into which gland empty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
longitudinal folds of mucosae
submucosal layer runs up into the middle of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have shallow pits and long glands with necks
parietal cells are intermittent along entire length of glands
glands empty into the pits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form the neck region of pits in the fundus and body of stomach
secrete mucous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have stem cells, mucous neck cells, parietal cells and chief cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka oxyntic cell, an exocrine cell
secrete acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (IF)
quiescent and acid-secreting modes
in the glands of fundus and body
look like very big cells with central nuclei, sometimes 2 nuclei
cell tend to bulge out form walls of glands
contain secretory canaliculi that are continuous with lumen of gut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
darker stainingly
produce pepsinogen
dominate cell type in base of glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ring of stomach around esophagus entry
contains mucous glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gland in the fundus/body region
aka fundic or gastric gland
secretes acid in mucous form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secreted by parietal cells in fundus/body of stomch
binds vitamin B12 and prevents its destruction by bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absence of intrinsic factor
due to no parietal cells, vitamin B12 deficiency, autoimmune disease, or vegan mothers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of stomach that joins with small intestine
deep pits and short glands
glands have more mucous cells in this region
muscular sphincter than controls movement of chyme into small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tubulovesicles are cytoplasmic organelles, secretory canaliculus is invagination of apical membrane into cytoplasm but not very much surface area |
|
|
Term
| acid-secreting parietal cell |
|
Definition
tubulovesicles fuse with apical membrane of secretory canaliculus and produce more complex structure
tubule vesicles evert into the secretory canaliculus and greatly multiply the surface area, insert many proton pumps that are used to secrete the acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all of its secretory granules on basal side
produce hormones that go into blood
amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation, cell class
stain with silver
can be anywhere in epithelium of stomach in body/fundus region |
|
|
Term
| valves of Kerckring (plicae circulares) |
|
Definition
feature of small intestine
folds of mucosa analogous to rugae
circularly arranged, run transversely in length
form a ring around the interal part of intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
feature of small intestine
finger-like evaginations of the mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
feature of the absorptive cells in the small intestine
increase the surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absorptive cells of the small intestine
have a brush border and microvilli to help absorb solutes and water
help to absorb fats
line the villi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphatic capillary in villus of small intestine
single, blind-ended lymph capillary
carries lymph toward bas of villus and joins with rest of lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single muscous-secreting cells along the enterocytes in the columnar epithelium of small and large intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
multifold cells
specialized epithelial cells that exist in regions above Peyer's patches in the ileum
expanded basal membrane allows lymphocytes to com up in this space
pinocytosis brings fluid from lumen of cute into area of lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mucosal glands of intestine
simple tubular glands in the mucosa of intestines
site of proliferative activity and undifferentiated cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at the base of crypts, granules contain antibacterial agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
submuscosal glands in the duodenum only
produce bicarbonate secretion that helps to neutralize acid from stomach |
|
|
Term
| muscularis externa of intestine |
|
Definition
| inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of SMC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nerves that control which muscle will contract at what time; control peristalsis
found in the submucosa |
|
|
Term
| Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus |
|
Definition
nerves that control which muscle will contract at what time; control peristalsis
between inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers |
|
|
Term
| columnar absorptive cells |
|
Definition
found in the cecum and colon
have a brush border |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outer longitudinal muscle bands in large intestine
3 thickened regions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pouches that characterize the large intestine
help hold the material in the colon longer to allow for dehydration of feces
formed by tenia coli and inner circular musuclaris externa contraction pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consist of renal corpuscle (functions in filtration) and tubule that is very complicated branched structure (collecting duct( |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fenestrated without diaphragms
fluid filters out through these across the basement membrane and between podocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fenestrated with diaphragms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fluid that is filtered through glomerular capillary wall into Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid in the tubule system before the collecting duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first function excretory system in fetus
reach max size at 8 weeks gestation, then undergo involution
parts of this persist as efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct in men |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
give rise to permanent kidneys
ureteric bud grows up from the cloaca region (epiethlium) into the region of mesoderm, nephrogenic mesenchyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interaction of the epithelial cells of the ureteric bud and the cells of the nephrogenic mesenchyme to form the metanephros |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epithelial cells that surround the glomerular tuft
make up the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
provide most of the selective filtration which discludes large proteins and some negatively charged molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka lacis cells
located in the mix of the glomerular tuft
produce the extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
layer of glomerular basement membrane
middle one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
layer of glomerular basement membrane
one closest to blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
layer of glomerular basement membrane
one closest to podocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| support the capillaries of the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bulk of reabsorptive function (salt, water, amino acids, glucose, etc.)
2/3 of fluid reabsorbed in PST and PCT
ID by eosinophilic simple cuboidal cell with central nuclei, brush border
first convoluted then straight (leaves cortex and enters outer stripe of outer medulla) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thin epithelium, simple squamous
descending has high permeability to water and solutes, becomes increasing concentrated
found in inner stripe of outer medulla and in inner medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka distal straight tubule
thicker, apically located nuclei which frequently bulge into lumen
many mitochondria, NaCl reabsorption with no water movement
"diluting segment"
low water permeability
found in inner and outer stripes of outer medulla |
|
|
Term
| thin ascending loop of Henle |
|
Definition
thin epithelium, simple squamous
low permeability to water
solute is removed as it ascends, due to decreasing gradient
found only in inner medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located on last part of thick ascending limb
connected to vascular pole of renal corpuscle
site of feedback control for GFR
too much salt -> reduce rate, constrict afferent arteriole
too little salt -> increase rate, dilate afferent arteriole
cells here are very leaky and provide place for fluid in lument of segment to flow across and bathe glomerular mesengial cells
nuclei are packed very tightly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first site of intercalated cells
site of action of thiazide diuretics
found in cortex only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lined with squamous epithelium
turns back up toward the cortex from the path of the distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
well-preserved segments with large cells, apex typically bulges into lumen
intracellular boundaries are visible
only in cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hormonally controlled water permeability (main type affected by ADH)
upon stimulation become more water permeabile
major site of K regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dark cells in H&E
site of acid-base regulation (secrete acid or bicarbonate to fix imbalances) |
|
|
Term
| outer medullary collecting duct |
|
Definition
principal and intercalated cells as in cortical duct
in outer medullary (inner and outer stripes) |
|
|
Term
| inner medullary collecting duct |
|
Definition
aka papillary collecting duct
principal cells only
last section is the duct of Bellini |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ball of capillaries within the renal corpuscle, technically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the medulla section of each lobe of the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cortices of adjacent lobes merge
tissue extends between each pyramid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
branch of aorta
run to each kidney
branches into interlobar arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
branch of renal artery
run to each lobe
branch into acruate arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
branch of interlobar artery
at the medulla/cortex junction
arc due to the nature of the shape of the renal medulla to follow the junction
give rise to cortical radial arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
branch of the arcuate artery, branch at 90*
aka interlobular artery
pass directly outward between the medullary rays
give rise to afferent arteriole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
branch of the cortical radial artery
carry blood to each renal corpuscle
divides into glomerular capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collection of glomerular capillaries
gives rise to peritubular capillaries (superficial) and vasa recta (juxtamedullary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collects from the stellate veins and the peritubular capillaries
drains to arcuate vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collects from vasa recta
drains to cortical radial vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collects from cortical radial veins
drains to interlobar vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collects from acruate veins
drains to renal vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collects from interlobar veins
drains to IVC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cortical labyrinth
medullary rays
renal lobules |
|
|
Term
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
Definition
| consists of glomerular arterioles (afferent and efferent), macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells and juxtaglomerular cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secrete renin
part of juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
renin secreted by kidney upon stimulus through juxtaglomerular apparatus and macula densa
angiotensinogen secreted by liver
renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
ACE cleaves angiotensin I to II
angiotensin II is powerful vasconstrictor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure, protection, location of hematopoiesis, endocrine and calcium homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
three forms: elastic, hyaline and fibrocartilage
functions: absorb mechanical stress, structural, bone development in longitudinal direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sit directly ON bone surface
bone resorbing cells
large, multinuclear
originate from hematopoietic lineage
RANKL and M-CSF are key differentiation factors
individual monocytes/macrophages
secrete TRAP and cathepsin K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tartrate-resistant alkaline phosphate
secreted by osteoclasts for resorbing bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by osteoclasts to resorb bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area directly undernearth the cell where resorbtion occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increases surface area of membrane
marks edge of resorption area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
edge of resorption are where the osteoclast binds to the surface of the bone
formed by actin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bone-forming cells
located on bone surface
secrete osteoid
originate from mesenchymal lineage
RUNX2 and ostrix are key differentiation factors
alkaline phosphatase key enzyme
differentiate into lining cells or osteocytes or undergo apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unmineralized matrix secreted by osteoblasts
contains type I collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein used in matrix production by osteoblasts
high levels in serum indicate high rate of blast activity/bone formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
differentiated, transiently, osteoblast
squamous morphology
inactive at bone surface
can become reactivated and produce matrix again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
matrix maintenance and mechanotransduction
terminal differentiated osteoblasts, surroundied by osteoid or mineralized matrix
most abundant bone cell (90-95%)
reside in lacunae and exten long filopodial processes in canaliculi to each other and connect via gap junctions
differ in genetic profile from osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
important marker for late osteocytes
inhibitor of bone formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
marker for early and mature osteocytes
plays a role in phosphate metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most is inorganic and ~25% is organic (mostly Type I collagen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major component of organic part of bone matrix
staggered arrangement
highly cross-linked (increases mechanical resistance)
oriented as "twisted plywood" allows resistance to binding, different orientations of collagen in the material gives strength
fragments of collagen used to indicate bone turnover |
|
|
Term
| non-collagenous protein of bone matrix |
|
Definition
help direct mineralization
proteoglycans and glycoproteins (osteopontin, osteonectin, and osteocalcin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secreted by osteoblasts
biomarker for index of bone formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in mineral binding, aggregation within the collagen and osteoid
attachment to bone surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hydroxyapatite
mineral aggregates progressively fill gaps in collagen staggered arrangment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
quickly formed, poorly organized
formed in response to bone injury or disease
collagen and mineral "randomly" distributed
low mechanical properties, osteoid is very random so the mineralization does not fit well into the gaps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
slowly formed, highly organized
majority of bone tissue in adult
parallel layers of mineral and collagen fibers
birefringence (polarized light)
high mechanical properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sheets of bone that are organized in different orientation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on outer surfaces of long bone, very thick, serves a mechanical function |
|
|
Term
| cancellous (trabecular) bone |
|
Definition
located at ends of long bones and in the spine
much more porous and has holes
metabolic function
have high surface area that can release calcium if its low in the serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endostea (endocortical) surface |
|
Definition
inner surface of cortex
sometimes continuous with trabecular surface |
|
|
Term
| Haversian (osteonal) surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trabecular (cancellous) surface |
|
Definition
| outer surface of spongey bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular and fibrous components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on inner surface of the bone, only cellular no fibrous components |
|
|
Term
| intermembranous formation |
|
Definition
form within mesenchyme
mesenchymal cells congregate, form osteoblasts and lay down osteoid
osteoblasts differentiate from mesenchymal cells, pump out matrix then remodel it to form bone
flat bone formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bone formation on a hyaline cartilage template
chondrocytes hypertrophy and cartilage calcifies
bone collar forms aby appositional bone formation
osteogenic bud penetrates bone collar (vessels and osteoprogenitor cells from marrow cavity )
bone is laid down on calcified cartilage, which is eventually remodeld
secondary ossification center forms, epiphyseal plate separates
5 zones of growth plate contribute to growth of long bones then
closure of epiphyseal growth plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of epiphyseal growth plate
non-active region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of epiphyseal growth plate
dividing chondrocytes, aligned in vertical orientation secreting matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of epiphyseal growth plate
increased cell size of chondrocytes; condensed matrix
cells become large and matrix pushes out on bone, allowing growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of epiphyseal growth plate
los of chondrocytes, mineralization of cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of epiphyseal growth plate
bone is formed on calcified cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plates of cartilage at the ends of long bone, tissue separating 1* and 2* ossificationj sites
divided into 5 zones
allows bones to grow longitudinally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mechanism for renewal on bone tissue, 5-10% of skeleton per year
multi-step: activation, resorption, reversal, formation, quiescence
6 month process |
|
|
Term
| activation stage of bone remodeling |
|
Definition
| signals for osteoclasts duet o osteocytes apoptosis, microdamage formation |
|
|
Term
| resorption stage of bone remodeling |
|
Definition
| removal of bone by osteoclast |
|
|
Term
| reversal stage of bone remodeling |
|
Definition
| osteoclasts stop; osteoblasts come in |
|
|
Term
| formation stage of bone remodeling |
|
Definition
| production of new matrix by osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
| quiescence stage of bone remodeling |
|
Definition
| activity stops and surface covered by lining cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signals PTH and increases bone resorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signals calcitonin, inhibits bone resorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcium deficiency in adolescence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcium deficiency in adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results in compromised calcium absorption |
|
|
Term
| diarthroidal (synovial) joints |
|
Definition
ends of long bones have articular cartilage on them
synovial joint cavity lined by synovial membrane
filled with synovial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyaline cartilage, only has collagen fibrils
sits on top of bone |
|
|
