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One of the major cities in the indus vally civilization. Advanced city (drainage system, wells, waste pots) |
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| Civilization located around the Indus river in Pakistan. Developed in 2500 BCE. Origins date back to 7000 BCE. Peaked 2300 |
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| Another major city of the Indus Valley civilization. Also very advanced. |
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| Deity. Lord of the animals. Associated with the Hindu God Siva. Usually has animals surrounding him. Ithyphallic. |
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| (Indo-Europeans) 2000 BCE. Migration from the North. Incorporated their intelligence and languages into the Indus Valley. "Nobility" |
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| Enemies of the Aryans. Not inhabitants of the Indus valley, but other groups who spoke an Aryan language and whose migration preceded the Aryans. "Slaves" |
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| language of the Indus valley civilization. Contrasts the Indo-European language. |
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| "Aryan Homeland" The Ganges Region |
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| "Sacrifice" Refers to more widely any offering into the sacred fire (milk, butter, soma, rice, domestic animals) |
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| Sacrificer of the sacred fire. Priest:pays for the sacrifice. |
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| "Piling up of Agni" Rite that involves building an alter in 5 layers. Has 2000 bricks. In the shape of a large bird, to the west of the standard ritual enclosure of 3 fires. |
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| Solemn, public rites...Rites that involved the establishment of 3 fires: Householder's fire, southern fire, and fire offered in the east. Altar (vedi) is a shallow pit) |
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| Domestic and life cycle rites |
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| ancient sages/seers. The Vedas were revealed to them. |
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| Large body of literature composed in Sanskrit. Revelation. Source of dharma. Reference point for the construction of the Hindu identity and self-understanding. |
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| Portion of the veda. Comprised 4 groups of text: Rg, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva Veda. "A volume" |
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| 1028 hymns to various deities, composed in vedic sanskrit. Composed in ten sections. Mythologies, hymns, poems to deities. Composed by preiests. |
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| "Circles" Chapters of the Vedas |
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| Black and White. 2 sections. How to perform rights and rituals. Mixture of prose and verses. |
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| Essential parts of the Vedas put to verse. Used at sacrifices. "Book of songs" |
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| Least of all vedas. Concerned with magic and domestic rights |
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| Book of the Vedas. Attempt to explain ritual action and relate it to a wider cosmic and mythological phenomena |
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| Remembered Text. Secondary revelation. Composed by humans |
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| That which is heard. Primary Revelation. More sacred |
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| "thread" Pithy aphorism which states a rule. |
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| Famous hymn of the cosmic man. Describes the creation of the world by the gods. |
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| Supernatural beings (deities) that inhabit the hierarchical cosmos |
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| Fire god. Sacrificial fire. Transports and purifies all offerings to the realm of the gods. |
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| The warrior king, empowered by soma, who destroys obstacles with his thunderbolt club |
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| Plant god. Soma is also a hallucinagenic drug or drink |
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| Snake. "Obstacle" Symbolizing cosmic order. Battled Indra |
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| "God of Life" Lord of righteousness and of night. Protects the cosmic and social order |
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| One's caste or class. Four main classes of the Hindu society |
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| law or sacred order. Righteousness |
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| The anti-gods or demons. Deities of the Aryan's enemies, the dasas |
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| Later group of texts that elaborate upon the Dharma. |
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| One of the first sanskrit texts discovered by the British. Elaborated on Dharma duties. |
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| caste. "birth" Refers to sections of Hindu society. Can also be used to refer to all categories of beings |
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| Priestly caste of the Varnas. Teach the Veda and to sacrifice for others. |
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| Warrior caste of the Varnas. Practice with arms and protect the people |
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| Commoners/Merchants caste of the Varnas. Tend to cattle, practice agriculture, and money-lending. |
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| Serf class of the varnas. Serve the other classes and practice art |
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| "Untouchables" Caste of the Varnas. Most impure. |
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| Lowest of the untouchables. "fierce caste" Pollutes the other castes |
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| Silent ones. Resemble Hindu ascetics. Buddha was one. Literally means sage. Practiced magical rites. |
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| Texts that are authoritative. "To sit down" Learning the wisdom of the guru. |
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| Forest-dwelling texts. From the concluding parts of the Brahmanas |
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| Early Renunciation group. Underwent extraordinary inner experiences. |
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| Early renunciation group. Aggressive warriors. May have been connected with the Kesins |
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| "stivers" Ascetics who seek liberation through efforts of their austerity |
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| Knowledge/Wisdom. Produced by austerity |
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| Liberation/salvation from samsara. One of the 4 aims of life |
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| Results of actions. Initially to do with action within rituals. good deeds=good karma. bad deeds=bad karma |
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| One of the four aims of life. World success and profit. |
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| One of the four aims of life. Pleasures of the physical sense. |
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| Cycle of reincarnation. Of being born over and over again. Endless birth. Suffering |
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| All life is suffering. Characterizes Samsara |
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| The ultimate good. Essence of all good/of the universe. Identified with various parts of the body: breath, speech, eye, ear, and mind. |
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| "Yuj" To yoke, control, unite. Disciplines of asceticism and meditation which are thought to lead to spiritual experience and understanding. Insight to the nature of existence |
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| Involves the repetition of mantras |
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| "Force" Focusing on various postures, breath control, visions of light, and inner sound. (Western view) |
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| "The best/royal yoga" 8-limbed yoga. |
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| Eight magical powers or accomplishments |
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| Prayer beads. Used in the ritual practice of repeating the names of Krishna |
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| One the 8 limbs of yoga. Posture |
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| One of the 8 yoga limbs. Breath control |
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| One of the 8 yoga limbs. absorbed concentration. |
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| Spirit within the human being. It is Brahman. Spiritual world. Ground of being. |
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| Phenomenal experiences that human beings experience. (emotions, memories, senses) Material world. |
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| Idea that the world is illusory (Not real) |
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| The self. Your god soul. It is Brahman. |
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| The God within your Atman. Essence of the universe and all things. |
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| Ascetic practices: celibacy, poverty, and methods of mental training (Yoga). Burns off negative qualities. |
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| Orthodox. Vedic traditions. |
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| Teacher that teaches the Vedas |
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| Duty. One of the 4 aims of life. Religion, law, ethics, law. |
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| Womanly duty. Has two stages: Daughter, wife/mother |
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| Caste and Stage of life (Varna/asrama/dharma) |
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| Another name for Hinduism. Eternal religion or law |
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| First stage of life. Celibate student. Goes to live with his guru |
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| Second stage of life. Householder. Marriage/kids life. |
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| Third stage of life. Forest-Dweller. Lives the ascetic lifestyle. Devotes himself to ritual. |
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| Fourth stage of life. Renouncer. Same as forest dweller except that he can't use fire. |
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| One of the trimorte. God of ambiguity and paradox. "Destroyer" |
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| "Sustainer" Has 4 arms. Surrounded by 5-headed snake. Ocean. conch. club. Shows a little feminism |
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| Goddess. Source of life, benevolent mother but also malevolent force that demands sacrifices. |
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| Followers of Devi. Feminized religion. |
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| Highest good. Performing rituals. Path of action. Vedic path. |
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| Seeking enlightenment. Upanisadic path. |
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| Devotionalism path. Theism develops out of this. Interested in a personal god. |
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| Personal god. Idea that there is a supreme or distinct god. "Lord" |
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| Tribal god of late vedic period. "Black" Associated with dark clouds. Three jointed pose: hands, feet, and head going different directions. Avatar of Visnu |
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| Ancient, mythological stories about the deities. Narrative traditions. Total of 18. |
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| Manifestations/Incarnations |
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| The second and shorter epic. Story of king Rama. Battle of good over evil |
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| King in the epic Ramayana. Becomes a god. |
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| Wife of Rama in the epic Ramayana |
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| Ten headed demon king in the epic, Ramayana |
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| Place in the epic, Ramayana. Rama is king here. |
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| Monkey general in the epic, Ramayana. Son of the wind god, Vayu. |
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| First, longest epic poem. Enclyclopedia of Hindu deities, stories, yoga, rituals, and theologies. |
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| One of the sons of the king. Reigns and has 5 sons in the epic, Mahabharata. |
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| 5 sons of Pandu in the Mahabharata. Yudhisthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva |
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| A pandava in the epic, Mahabharata. Has a dialogue with Krsna, where he reveals himself as a god. |
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| The oldest Pandava in the epic, Mahabharata. Gambler, loses everything, exiled for 13 years. Meets Indra, goes to heaven. Not reborn. |
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| Author of the Mahabharata. |
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| Eldest of the 100 cousins, Kauranas, in the epic poem, Mahabharata. Successor of the throne and exiles the Pandavas. |
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| Common wife of the Pandavas in the Mahabharata. |
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| An age/era. The wolrd goes through four of these. |
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| The first yuga. The perfect age. |
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| 432,000 years. Yuga we're in now. Began with the Mahabharata. Becomes more and more morally degenerate. |
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| Text that influenced devotionalism. Has Krsna in there a lot. |
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| That Thou Art. Everything is Brahman |
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| Not this, and not that. You can't define Brahman or Atman. |
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| "steps" Indus Valley Civilization |
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| Branch of the Indus Valley Civilization. Hindu comes from this word. |
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| Existence, non-existence, consciousness of this existence, and bliss. Reaching Moksa. |
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| Monk. Member of the Monastic order. |
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| Path of yoga to achieve liberation. |
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