Term
| Cranial nerve(s) arising from the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| CN XI [accessory nucleus is found at C1 - C4 spinal cord levels] |
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerve(s) arising from the medulla oblongata? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerve(s) arising from the pontomedullary junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerve(s) arising from the pontocerebellar angle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerve(s) arising from the pons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerve(s) arising from the midbrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerve(s) arising from the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerve(s) arising from the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of Foster Kennedy syndrome? |
|
Definition
| (olfactory groove meningioma), IL anosmia, IL optic atrophy, CL papilledema |
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerve sensory ganglia? |
|
Definition
| TGIS9+10: Trigeminal (CN V), Geniculate (CN VII), Inferior and Superior ganglia (of CN IX, X) |
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerve motor (i.e. parasympathetic) ganglia? |
|
Definition
| COPS: Ciliary (CN III), Otic (CN IX), Pterygopalatine (CN VII), Submandibular (CN VII) and Intramural (CN X) |
|
|
Term
| Nerves traversing the jugular foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerves traversing the supraorbital fissure? |
|
Definition
| CN III, IV, V1 [ophthalmic] and VI |
|
|
Term
| Nerves traversing the cavernous sinus? |
|
Definition
| CN III, IV, VI, V1 [ophthalmic] and V2 [maxillary] + internal carotid plexus [sympathetic] |
|
|
Term
| Nerve traversing the foramen rotundum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve traversing the foramen ovale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerves traversing the foramen magnum? |
|
Definition
| CN XI + sympathetic plexus on vertebral artery |
|
|
Term
| Nerves traversing the internal auditory meatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve traversing the stylomastoid foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brainstem Nuclei for CN III? |
|
Definition
| oculomotor, Edinger-Westphal |
|
|
Term
| Brainstem Nucleus for CN IV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What CN decussates before exiting the brainstem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brainstem Nuclei for CN V? |
|
Definition
| chief sensory nucleus, mesencephalic, spinal trigeminal, trigeminal motor nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Brainstem Nucleus for CN VI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brainstem Nuclei for CN VII? |
|
Definition
| facial, superior salivatory, spinal trigeminal, solitary |
|
|
Term
| Brainstem Nuclei for CN IX? |
|
Definition
| nucleus ambiguous, inferior salivatory, spinal trigeminal, solitary |
|
|
Term
| Brainstem Nuclei for CN X? |
|
Definition
| nucleus ambiguous, dorsal vagal, spinal trigeminal, solitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accessory nucleus (cervical spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
| Brainstem Nucleus for CN XII? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscles innervated by CN III? |
|
Definition
| levator palpebrae, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, inferior rectus, ciliary muscle, constrictor pupillae |
|
|
Term
| Three components of the near triad? |
|
Definition
| 3 by III; convergance of eyes, pupillary constriction, contraction of ciliary muscle |
|
|
Term
| Muscle innervated by CN IV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Action of muscle innervated by CN IV? |
|
Definition
| intorsion, abduction and depression [turns pupil down and out] |
|
|
Term
| Action to test muscle innervated by CN IV? |
|
Definition
| adduct and depress [in and then down] |
|
|
Term
| Muscle innervated by CN VI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of compressive injury to CN III? |
|
Definition
| dilated pupil with normal eye movements |
|
|
Term
| Signs of diabetic infarct in CN III? |
|
Definition
| oculomotor palsy with normal pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diplopia worse when walking down stairs; improves with head tilt to opposite side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diplopia improves with head turn towards paralyzed muscle |
|
|
Term
| Location of horizontal gaze center? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Location of vertical gaze center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of Argyll-Robertson pupil? |
|
Definition
| pupil accomadates but doesn’t react [to light]; tertiary syphillis, aka. "prostitutes pupil" |
|
|
Term
| Signs of internuclear opthalmoplegia? |
|
Definition
| Injury to MLF [demyelination in MS!] - on leftward gaze: right eye does not adduct (convergance intact) |
|
|
Term
| Structures injured in "one-and-a-half" syndrome? |
|
Definition
| abducens nucleus and both MLF |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to the right abducens nerve? |
|
Definition
| IL CN VI palsy: cannot abduct eye |
|
|
Term
| Sign of injury to right abducens nucleus? |
|
Definition
| on rightward gaze: R eye does not abduct, L eye does not adduct |
|
|
Term
| Eye movement deficits in right medial pontine syndrome? |
|
Definition
| on rightward gaze: R eye does not abduct, L eye does not adduct + on leftward gaze R eye does not adduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CN III palsy, Horner syndrome, myasthenia gravis |
|
|
Term
| Muscles innervated by CN V? |
|
Definition
| temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid, ant digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatinin, mylohyoid |
|
|
Term
| Motor signs with CN V injury? |
|
Definition
| asymmetric jaw closing (deviates to good side), atrophy of temporalis, masseter |
|
|
Term
| Muscles innervated by CN VII? |
|
Definition
| muscles of facial expression, post digastic, stylohyoid, stapedius |
|
|
Term
| Motor signs with CN VII injury? |
|
Definition
| Bell's palsy: complete facial paralysis - can't smile or wrinkle forehead |
|
|
Term
| Muscle innervated by CN IX? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motor signs with CN IX injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skeleteal muscles innervated by CN X? |
|
Definition
| levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, pharyngeal, laryngeal + esophageal |
|
|
Term
| Motor signs with CN X injury? |
|
Definition
| dysphagia, hoarsness, sagging palate, uvula deviates to opposite side |
|
|
Term
| Muscles innervated by CN XI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motor signs with injury to CN XI? |
|
Definition
| weakness shrugging shoulder, cannot abduct humerus beyond 90°, weakness turning head to opposite side |
|
|
Term
| Muscles innervated by CN XII? |
|
Definition
| genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, instrinsic tongue muscles |
|
|
Term
| Motor signs with CN XII injury? |
|
Definition
| tongue deviates to side of lesion on protrusion, atrophy of tongue muscles [compare to UMN injury!!!] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| face [V1 - forehead, upper eyelid + nose; V2 - cheek, lower eyelid, upper lip; V3 - jaw, lower lip] |
|
|
Term
| Skin innervated by CN VII, IX and X? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Ramsay Hunt syndrome? |
|
Definition
| herpes infection in the geniculate ganglion = blisters on pinna |
|
|
Term
| Signs of Ramsay Hunt syndrome? |
|
Definition
| IL facial paralysis, hyperacusis, loss of taste, herpes vesicles on external ear, canal |
|
|
Term
| Viscera innervated by CN III? |
|
Definition
| sphincter pupillar, ciliary muscle |
|
|
Term
| Viscera innervated by CN VII? |
|
Definition
| mucosa of nasal cavity, oral cavity, lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands |
|
|
Term
| Viscera innervated by CN IX? |
|
Definition
| parotid gland, mucosa of middle ear, mucosa of oropharynx |
|
|
Term
| Viscera innervated by CN X? |
|
Definition
| mucosa of larynx, pharynx, all viscera of foregut and midgut |
|
|
Term
| CN/ganglia/nucleus for taste at the anterior 2/3s of tongue? |
|
Definition
| CN VII/geniculate/solitary |
|
|
Term
| General sensory innervation to anterior 2/3 of tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CN/ganglia/nucleus for taste at the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? |
|
Definition
| CN IX/inferior ganglion of IX/solitary |
|
|
Term
| Signs of CN VII injury at the internal auditory meatus? |
|
Definition
| IL complete facial paralysis, dry eye, dry mouth, hyperacusis, decreased taste on ant 2/3 of tongue [tinnitus/hearing loss if CN VIII affected] |
|
|
Term
| Signs of CN VIII injury in facial canal? |
|
Definition
| IL complete facial paralysis; decreased taste on ant 2/3 of tongue |
|
|
Term
| Signs of CN VII injury at the stylomastoid foramen? |
|
Definition
| IL complete facial paralysis |
|
|
Term
| Nerves for corneal reflex? |
|
Definition
| In by: CN V - Out By: CN VII |
|
|
Term
| Nerves for pupillary light reflex? |
|
Definition
| In by: CN II - Out By: CN III |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In by: CN V - Out By: CN V |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In by: CN X - Out By: CN X [but inreality also C3-T12 for diaphragm and intercostals] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In by: CN IX - Out By: CN X |
|
|
Term
| Nerve most likley affected with aneurysm of anterior communicating/ACA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve most likely affected with aneurysm of posterior communicating artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve most likley affected with aneurysm at basilar bifurcation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve most likely affected with aneurysm of ICA in cavernous sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerves most likely affected with aneurysm of PICA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurons [4 locations] are involved in discriminitive touch/proprioception/vibration pathway? |
|
Definition
| posterior root ganglia, nucleus gracilis/cuneatus, VPL thalamus, postecentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Where does the posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway decussate? |
|
Definition
| rostral medulla [internal arcuate fibers] |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to posterior columns in spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| IL loss of discriminitive touch, proprioception and vibration |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to medial lemniscus? |
|
Definition
| CL loss of discriminitive touch, proprioception and vibration |
|
|
Term
| What is the Romberg test? |
|
Definition
| test of proprioceptive function [NOT cerebellum]; pt stands upright with arms abducted eyes open vs. eyes closed |
|
|
Term
| What indicates a positive Romberg test indicate? |
|
Definition
| a marked difference in the ability to maintain erect posture with eyes open vs. eyes closed = + Romberg |
|
|
Term
| What does a Romberg test look like in someone with cerebellar injury? |
|
Definition
| with cerebellar injury, pt cannot stand up even with eyes open - DON’T DO A ROMBERG TEST in a pt with cerebellar injury! |
|
|
Term
| Neurons [4 locations] in pain/temperature pathway? |
|
Definition
| posterior root ganglia, posterior horn, VPL thalamus, postcentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Where does the spinothalamic tract decussate? |
|
Definition
| anterior white commissure, spinal cord, all levels |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in syringomyelia? |
|
Definition
| BL dermatomal loss of pain and temperature [usually upper limbs] |
|
|
Term
| Cause and signs of Dejerine-Roussy syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Extreme hypersensitivity to painful stimuli following posterior thalamic infarct |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of lower motor neurons? |
|
Definition
| innervate skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| Location of lower motor neurons? |
|
Definition
| spinal cord + motor cranial nerve nuclei (III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII) |
|
|
Term
| Location of upper motor neurons? |
|
Definition
| cerebral cortex, red nucleus, reticular formation… |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to Upper Motor Neuron (UMN)? |
|
Definition
| hemiparesis, increase muscle stretch reflexes [hyper-reflexia], spasticity, clonus + Babinski sign, Hoffman sign |
|
|
Term
| Lower motor neuron (LMN) signs? |
|
Definition
| paralysis, decreased muscles stretch reflexes [hyporeflexia], flaccid tone, atrophy |
|
|
Term
| Motor tracts in the posterior limb of the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
| corticospinal [upper limb, trunk, lower limb] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a velocity-dependant increase in muscle tone [injury to UMNs] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a velocity-independant increase in muscle tone [damage to Basal Nuclei structures] |
|
|
Term
| The corticospinal tract decussates at what level? |
|
Definition
| pyramidal decussation, caudal medulla |
|
|
Term
| Motor tracts in the genu of the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
| corticobulbar [to cranial nerve nuclei] |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to the corticospinal tract in the right internal capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to the corticospinal tract in cervical spinal cord on the right? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to the corticobulbar tract in the right internal capsule? |
|
Definition
| left, lower facial paralysis; tongue points away from lesion |
|
|
Term
| Location of lesion in decorticate posturing? |
|
Definition
| rostral midbrain or thalamus - red nucleus intact |
|
|
Term
| Location of lesion in decerebrate posturing? |
|
Definition
| midbrain - damage involving red nucleus or rubrospinal tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proximal symmetric weakness, no sensory loss |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 most common causes of peripheral neuropathies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stocking/glove sensory loss |
|
|
Term
| Neurons in auditory pathway [at least 6]? |
|
Definition
| spiral ganglion, cochlear nucleus, superior olive, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, primary auditory cortex |
|
|
Term
| Result of Rinne test in normal ear? |
|
Definition
| air conduction > bone conduction |
|
|
Term
| Result of Rinne test in conductive hearing loss? |
|
Definition
| air conduction < bone conduction |
|
|
Term
| Result of Rinne test in sensorineuronal hearing loss? |
|
Definition
| air conduction > bone conduction |
|
|
Term
| Result of Weber test in normal hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Result of Weber test with sensorineuronal hearing loss in R ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Result of Weber test with conductive hearing loss R ear? |
|
Definition
| localize to right [You can verify this by sticking your finger in your ear and performing the Weber test on yourself.] |
|
|
Term
| Deficits with injury to CN VIII? |
|
Definition
| IL deafness, dizziness, CL nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| Deficits with injury to brainstem auditory pathways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| age-related hearing loss, high frequencies lost first |
|
|
Term
| Neurons in visual pathway [3 neurons]? |
|
Definition
| retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate, primary visual cortex |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to optic nerve/retina? |
|
Definition
| IL visual loss, can affect both temporal and nasal hemifield |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to optic chiasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to optic tract? |
|
Definition
| contralateral homonymous hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to Meyer's loop? |
|
Definition
| upper quadrant homonymous hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
| Visual deficits in PCA stroke affecting calcarine sulcus? |
|
Definition
| contralateral homonymous hemianopsia, with macular sparring |
|
|
Term
| What is Marcus Gunn pupil? |
|
Definition
| optic nerve lesion, when light is shown into bad eye, pupil dilates (bad retina = no light) |
|
|
Term
| What structures comprise the basal ganglia [nuclei]? |
|
Definition
| caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, basal nucleus of Meynert |
|
|
Term
| Brain region affected in Parkinson disease? |
|
Definition
| substantia nigra, pars compacta [dopamine] |
|
|
Term
| Signs of Parkinson disease? |
|
Definition
| bradykinesia, pill-rolling tremor, masked facies, postural instability |
|
|
Term
| Pathological sign of Parkinson disease? |
|
Definition
| Loss of dopaminergic neurons in SN + Lewy bodies in SN |
|
|
Term
| Brain region affected in Huntington disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of Huntington disease? |
|
Definition
| choreioform movements, dementia |
|
|
Term
| Brain region injured in right hemiballismus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of essential tremor? |
|
Definition
| chronic, progressive tremor in arms, neck, larynx, chin; reduced with alcohol consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inborn error of copper metabolism; Kayser-Fleischer rings; wing-beating tremor, rigidity |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of cerebellar injury? |
|
Definition
| ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadokinesia, nystagmus, dysarthria |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)? |
|
Definition
| truncal ataxia, nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to lateral hemisphere of cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| IL limb ataxia, intention tremor, dysarthria |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to middle cerebellar peduncle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Results of caloric testing in normal individual? |
|
Definition
| COWS - cold = nystagmus to opposite side; warm = nystagmus to same side |
|
|
Term
| Signs of Arnold-Chiari I malformation? |
|
Definition
| extension of cerebellar tonsil below foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| Signs of Arnold-Chiari II malformation? |
|
Definition
| displaced vermis + myelomeningiocele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlarged posterior fossa, small cerebellum, absent vermis, cystic dilation of 4th ventricle, hydrocephalus |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to corticospinal tract in spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to anterior horn of spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to posterior columns? |
|
Definition
| IL loss of discriminitive touch, proprioception and vibration |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to spinothalamic tract? |
|
Definition
| CL loss of pain and temperature |
|
|
Term
| Signs of intramedullary tumor/central cord syndrome? |
|
Definition
| sensory loss, sacral sparring of motor function; maybe bowel/bladder disturbances |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in anterior spinal syndrome? |
|
Definition
| UMN signs below lesion, LMN signs at level, loss of pain and temp below lesion, disc touch, proprioception and vibration intact |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in tabes dorsalis? |
|
Definition
| loss of disc touch, proprioception and vibration below lesion, Romberg sign |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in Brown-Sequard injury? |
|
Definition
| IL loss of discriminitive touch, CL loss of pain/temp, UMN signs below lesion, LMN signs at level |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in Friedreich's ataxia? |
|
Definition
| loss of disc touch, proprioception and vibration below lesion, Romberg sign, ataxia and UMN signs below lesion |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in subacute combined degenration? |
|
Definition
| B12 deficiency; loss of disc touch, proprioception and vibration below lesion, UMN signs below lesion |
|
|
Term
| Signs of conus medullaris syndrome? |
|
Definition
| sudden, bilateral onset; decrease calcaneal reflex, perianal sensory loss, impotence, urinary and fecal incontinence |
|
|
Term
| Signs of cauda equina syndrome? |
|
Definition
| gradual, unilateral onset, calcaneal and patellar reflexes decreased, saddle sensory loss |
|
|
Term
| Signs of tethered cord syndrome? |
|
Definition
| commonly associated with spina bifida, pain, weakness, sexual dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| Signs of spinal cord transection at C6? |
|
Definition
| LMN signs at C6 (brachioradialis), UMN signs below; complete sensory loss below C6 |
|
|
Term
| Signs of spinal cord transection at L4? |
|
Definition
| LMN signs at L4 (quads), UMN signs below; complete sensory loss below L4 |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in medial medullary syndrome? |
|
Definition
| CL loss of discriminitive rouch, CL UMN signs, tongue deviates to lesion on protrusion (w/ fasciculations) |
|
|
Term
| Artery involved in medial medullary syndrome? |
|
Definition
| alternating branches of anterior spinal artery |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in lateral medullary syndrome? |
|
Definition
| IL loss of pain and temp on face, CL loss of pain and temp on body, dysphagia, hoarseness |
|
|
Term
| Artery involved in lateral medullary syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficits in medial pontine syndrome? |
|
Definition
| CL loss of discriminitive rouch, CL UMN signs, IL CN VI palsy + INO…maybe 1 1/2 syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Artery involved in medial pontine syndrome? |
|
Definition
| basilar, paramedian branches |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in lateral pontine syndrome? |
|
Definition
| IL loss of pain and temp on face, CL loss of pain and temp on body, CN VII or V palsy |
|
|
Term
| Artery involved in lateral pontine syndrome? |
|
Definition
| basilar, circumferential branches |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in Weber syndrome? |
|
Definition
| IL CN III palsy, CL UMN sign, CL lower facial paralysis |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in Benedikt syndrome? |
|
Definition
| IL CN III palsy, CL ataxia [superior cerebellar peduncle] |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in Claude syndrome? |
|
Definition
| IL CN III palsy, CL UMN sign, CL lower facial paralysis, CL ataxia |
|
|
Term
| Arteries involved in midbrain syndromes? |
|
Definition
| paramedian branches from PCA |
|
|
Term
| What signs/symptoms are characteristic of cortical injury? |
|
Definition
| aphasia, agnosia, anosognosia, primitive reflexes: grasp, snout, suck, root, magnetic gate, astereognosia, apraxia, contralateral neglect |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in left inferior division MCA stroke? |
|
Definition
| receptive aphasia, CL homonymous hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in left superior division MCA stroke? |
|
Definition
| expressive aphasia, CL UMN signs [face + UL], CL sensory loss [face + UL] |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in right MCA main stem stroke? |
|
Definition
| CL UMN signs [face, UL + LL], CL sensory loss [face, UL + LL] |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in left PCA stroke? |
|
Definition
| CL homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparring |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in left ACA stroke? |
|
Definition
| CL UMN signs [LL], frontal lobe signs |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in Parinaud syndrome? |
|
Definition
| vertical gaze palsy, obstructuve hydrocephalus |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in anterior choroidal artery stroke? |
|
Definition
| CL UMN signs, CL homonymous hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in lentriculostriate artery hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| CL UMN signs, CL lower facial paralysis, tongue deviates away from lesion |
|
|
Term
| Strokes that can lead to Horner syndrome? |
|
Definition
| lateral medullary, cervical spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to thalamus? |
|
Definition
| posterior cerebral [thalamogeniculate + thalamoperforating] |
|
|
Term
| Signs of thalamic hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| CL sensory loss, CL homonymous hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
| Signs of tonsillar herniation? |
|
Definition
| respiratory and cardiovascular arrest |
|
|
Term
| Signs of uncal herniation? |
|
Definition
| CN III palsy, UMN signs, papilledema |
|
|
Term
| Structure injured in contralateral neglect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of Gerstman's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| acalulia, left-right confusion, finger agnosia; left parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
| Structure damaged in alexia without agraphia? |
|
Definition
| left splenium of corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
| Where is Broca's area? Function? |
|
Definition
| left inferior frontal gyrus; expressive speech |
|
|
Term
| Where is Wernicke's area? Function? |
|
Definition
| left supramarginal, angular, superior temporal gyri; receptive speech |
|
|
Term
| Signs of conduction aphasia? |
|
Definition
| normal comprehension and fluent speech; impaired repetition |
|
|
Term
| Cause of Cushing's disease? |
|
Definition
| ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma |
|
|
Term
| Signs of LH or FSH secreting adenoma? |
|
Definition
| hypogonadism and infertility |
|
|
Term
| Signs of prolactin-secreting adenoma? |
|
Definition
| amenorrhea in females; hypogonadism in men; galactorrhea, infertility, hair loss, decreased libido, weight gain |
|
|
Term
| Signs of diabetes insipidus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentrated urine with osmolality > 300 mosm/L |
|
|
Term
| SIADH treated with rapid infusion of hypertonic saline will cause? |
|
Definition
| central pontine myelinolysis |
|
|
Term
| Signs of craniopharyngioma? |
|
Definition
| visual deficits, diabetes insipidus, adiposity, developmental delay, headaches, papilledema |
|
|
Term
| Craniopharyngioma derived from? |
|
Definition
| remnant of Rathke's pouch |
|
|
Term
| Bladder problems in cortical lesions (paracentral lobule)? |
|
Definition
| uninhibited, spastic bladder |
|
|
Term
| Bladder problems in brainstem/high spinal cord injury? |
|
Definition
| flaccid paralysis that becomes spastic [urge incontinence, hyperactive, empties too frequently] |
|
|
Term
| Bladder problems in sacral spinal cord injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disturbances of erection/ejaculation with spinal cord injury (above T12)? |
|
Definition
| loss of psychogenic erections, reflex erections intact; only reflex ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| Disturbances of erection/ejaculation with sacral spinal cord injury? |
|
Definition
| loss of reflex erection, psycogenic may be preserved; ejaculation abolished |
|
|
Term
| Signs of Horner syndrome? |
|
Definition
| constricted pupil, ptosis, red face, anhydrosis |
|
|
Term
| Site of injury in pt. with miosis, ptosis and CN VI palsy? |
|
Definition
| cavernous sinus - ICA aneurysm (sympathetics follow the ICA and CN VI is riding on ICA) |
|
|
Term
| Why no red face/anhysrosis in previous pt? |
|
Definition
| external carotid nerve is intact |
|
|
Term
| Components of the limbic system? |
|
Definition
| parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, hippocampus, amygdala… |
|
|
Term
| Structures in the Papez circuit? |
|
Definition
| hippocampus, mamillary body (via fornix), ant nuc of thalamus, cingulate cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consolidation of short term memory |
|
|
Term
| Part of hippocampus most vulnerable to seizure activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of hippocampus most susceptable to anoxia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structure affected in Korsakoff syndrome? |
|
Definition
| mammillary bodies, dorsomedial thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Signs of Korsakoff syndrome? |
|
Definition
| amnesia, confabulation with short term memory intact |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic deficency in Korsakoff syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? |
|
Definition
| ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and disturbances of mentation and consciousness |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury in akinetic mutism? |
|
Definition
| immobile, mute and unresponsive but awake; bulateral lesion of cingulate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Signs of Kluvy-Bucy syndrome? |
|
Definition
| placid, visual agnosia, hyperorality |
|
|
Term
| Brain region injured in Kluver-Bucy syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of normal pressure hydrocephalus? |
|
Definition
| 3 W's = wet [incontinent], wacky [mental decline] and wobbly [gait difficulties] |
|
|
Term
| Structure damaged in epidural hematoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structure damaged in subdural hematoma? |
|
Definition
| bridging veins [cerebral veins emptying into superior sagittal sinus] |
|
|
Term
| How do you age subdural hematomas? |
|
Definition
| acute blood is white [hyperdense] on CT; isodense in 1-2 weeks and hypodense after that |
|
|
Term
| Structure damaged in subarachnoid hemorrage? |
|
Definition
| vessels in or around the circle of willis |
|
|
Term
| Contents of cisterna magna? |
|
Definition
| vertebral artery, CN IX, X, XI and XII, choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
| Contents of prepontine cistern? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contents of cerebellopontine cistern? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contents of interpeduncular cistern? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contents of the ambient cistern? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structure comprising the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structure(s) comprising the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structure at floor of 4th ventricle? |
|
Definition
| pons [facial colliculus], medulla [hypoglossal trigone] |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to facial colliculus? |
|
Definition
| facial colliculus (genu of facial nerve and abducens nucleus) = IL facial paralysis + IL CN VI palsy |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to the reticular formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Components of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal), subthalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| UMN and LMN signs, sensation intact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple (motor, sensory, special sensory, cognitive) deficits in time and lesions in space |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in Guillan-Barre? |
|
Definition
| typically follows viral illness or vaccination, ascending paralysis (LE then UE), some sensory, autonomic effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain/sensory loss in a dermatomal pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| demyelination of posterior columns from syphillis |
|
|
Term
| Signs/symptoms of tabes dorsalis? |
|
Definition
| decreased muscle stretch reflexes, loss of discriminitve touch, proprioception and vibratory sense, + Romberg, ataxia (not from cerebellum) |
|
|
Term
| Structures innervated by posterior rami? |
|
Definition
| deep back muscles and overlying skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| back of the scalp; greater occipital nerve [posterior ramus of C2] |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to musculocutaneous nerve in axilla? |
|
Definition
| decreased bicep reflex, weakness in flexion at elbow, supination, sonsory loss along lateral forearm |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to median nerve at elbow? |
|
Definition
| severe weakness in forearm flexion, paralysis of thenar muscles, sensory loss over palmar aspect and tips of digits 1 - 3, lateral half of digit 4 |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to median nerve at carpal tunnel? |
|
Definition
| paralysis of thenar muscles, sensory loss over palmar aspect and tips of digits 1 - 3, lateral half of digit 4 |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to ulnar nerve at cubital tunnel? |
|
Definition
| weakness in flexion of digits 4 and 5, sensory loss in 5th digit (palmar and dorsal), weakness in ab/adduction of fingers, hypothenar muscles, adductor pollicis , Froments sign, slight ulnar claw |
|
|
Term
| Signs of ulnar nerve injury at Guyon's tunnel? |
|
Definition
| sensory loss in 5th digit (palmar only), weakness in ab/adduction of fingers, hypothenar muscles, adductor pollicis , Froments sign, ulnar claw |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to radial nerve with midshaft humeral fracture? |
|
Definition
| wrist drop, weak supination, sensory loss on dorsum of hand, triceps normal |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to radial nerve in axilla? |
|
Definition
| paralyzed triceps, decreased triceps reflex, decreased brachioradialis reflex, wrist drop, weak supination, sensory loss on dorsum of hand |
|
|
Term
| Signs of lesion to upper roots of brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
| Erb-Duchenne palsy, decreased biceps + brachioradialis reflexes; arm is medial rotated and extended [cant abduct, laterally rotate of flex at elbow], sensory loss over lateral arm |
|
|
Term
| Signs of lesion to lower roots of brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
| Klumpke palsy, complete claw, sensory loss over 5th digit and medial arm, forearm |
|
|
Term
| Signs of thoracic outlet syndrome? |
|
Definition
| weakness in intrinsic hand muscles, sensory loss over 5th digit and medial arm, forearm |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to C5 nerve root? |
|
Definition
| weakness in abduction, lateral rotation and flexion at elbow, decreased bicep reflex, sensory loss over lateral arm |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to C6 nerve root? |
|
Definition
| weakness in wrist extension, flexion at elbow, decreased brachioradialis reflex, sensory loss over lateral forearm |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to C7 nerve root? |
|
Definition
| weakness in finger extension, elbow extension, wrist flexion, decreased tricep reflex, sensory loss over middle finger |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to C8 nerve root? |
|
Definition
| weakness in finger flexion, sensory loss over 4th + 5th digit, medial forearm |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to T1 nerve root? |
|
Definition
| weakness in finger ab/adduction, sensory loss over medial forearm/arm |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to lateral femoral cutaneous nerve? |
|
Definition
| sensory loss over anterior and lateral thigh; aka meralgia paresthetica |
|
|
Term
| Signs of entrapment/injury to saphenous nerve? |
|
Definition
| sensory loss along anterior and medial leg, medial malleolus and foot |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to femoral nerve? |
|
Definition
| paralysis of quadriceps, decreased patellar reflex, sensory loss along anterior and medial thigh, leg, medial malleolus and foot |
|
|
Term
| Signs of piriformis syndrome? |
|
Definition
| decreased achilles reflex, weakness in knee flexors, dorsiflexors, plantar flexors, sensory loss over lateral leg, lateral malleolus, dorsum of foot |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to common fibular nerve? |
|
Definition
| foot drop, weakness in dorsiflexion, eversion, sensory loss over lateral leg and dorsum of the foot |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to superficial fibular nerve? |
|
Definition
| weakness in eversion, sensory loss over dorsum of foot |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to deep fibular nerve? |
|
Definition
| foot drop, weakness in dorsiflexion, eversion, sensory loss in the web between 1st and 2nd toes |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to tibial nerve in popliteal fossa? |
|
Definition
| weakness in plantar flexion, toe flexion, weakness in intrinsic foot muscle, sensory loss on plantar surface of foot |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to the tibial nerve in tarsal tunnel? |
|
Definition
| weakness in intrinsic foot muscles, sensory loss on plantar surface of foot |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to superior gluteal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Trendelenburg sign: pelvis drops to good side during gait, paralysis of gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia lata |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to inferior gluteal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Paralysis of gluteus maximus, weakness in extension and lateral rotation of thigh |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to L2 nerve root? |
|
Definition
| weakness in leg flexion, knee extension, adduction, sensory loss over anterior thigh |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to L4 nerve root? |
|
Definition
| weakness in knee extension, decreased patellar reflex, sensory loss over anterior medial leg, medial malleolus |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to L5 nerve root? |
|
Definition
| weakness in dorsiflexion, toe extension, abduction of thigh, sensory loss over anterior leg, dorsum of foot, digits 1 and 2 |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to S1 nerve root? |
|
Definition
| weakness in plantar flexion, eversion, hip extension, decreased achilles reflex, sensory loss over posterior leg, digits 3-5 |
|
|
Term
| Signs of injury to S2 nerve root? |
|
Definition
| weakness in toe flexion, decreased anal wink, sensory loss over posterior thigh, perineum |
|
|
Term
| Structure infected in herpes zoster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biceps [via musculocutaenous n] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brachioradialis [via radial n] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cremaster [ilioinguinal and genitofemoral ns.] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patellar tendon [quadriceps, via femoral n] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Achilles/calcaneal tendon [gastroc, via tibial n] |
|
|
Term
| Levels of sympathetic innervation of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of sympathetic innervation of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of sympathetic innervation of the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of sympathetic innervation of the foregut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of sympathetic innervation of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of sympathetic innervation of the large instestine to splenic flexure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of sympathetic innervation of the descending colon to rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of sympathetic innervation of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of sympathetic innervation of the testes/ovary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of sympathetic innervation of the pelvic organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of sympathetic innervation of the upper limb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levels of sympathetic innervation of the lower limb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic innervation of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tonically dilated pupil that constricts with low dose pilocarpine |
|
|
Term
| Structure injured in Adie's pupil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands? |
|
Definition
| CN VII, superior salivatory |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
| CN IX, inferior salivatory |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic innervation of midgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic innervation of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic innervation of the testes/ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic innervation of pelvic organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
