Term
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Definition
| substance affecting migration, proliferation or interaction of cells, causes congenital anomalies |
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Term
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Definition
| pruning of the sperm glycocalyx permits the sperm-oocyte interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| implantation occurs outside of the uterine cavity can occur in the uterine tubes or in the pelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| implantation occurs near the cervix provides a high risk of bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
| placenta becomes detached |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal adherence of the chorionic villi to the myometrium |
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Term
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Definition
| villi penetrate the full thickness of the myometrium |
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Term
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Definition
| results when there is no embryo or embryo dies and the chorionic villi fail to vascularize “uterine enlargements greater than expected for gestational age” can give rise to choriocarcinomas or persistent trophoblastic disease |
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Term
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Definition
| fertilization of empty oocyte (contains only paternal chromosomes)produces high levels of hCG |
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Term
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Definition
| derives from a poorly developed embryo always triploid and produce hCG |
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Term
| Dizygotic (fraternal) twins |
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Definition
| arises from multiple ovulations (high levels of FSH) |
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Term
| Monozygotic (identical) twins |
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Definition
| arise from splitting of a single zygote |
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Term
| Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) |
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Definition
| secreted by syncytiotrophoblast |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by corpus luteum for five months, then by placenta contraceptive “pill” and RU-486 are anti-progesterones |
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Term
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Definition
| process where the epiblast gives rise to mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| derives from both endoderm and mesoderm forms the nucleus pulposus |
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Term
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Definition
| caudal dysgenesis from inadequate mesodermlower limb defects |
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Term
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Definition
| persistence of primitive streak, forms multi-tissue tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| liver glycoprotein leaks into amniotic fluid with neural tube or ventral wall defects |
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Term
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Definition
| incomplete neural arch, patch of hair over defect |
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Term
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Definition
| congenital absence of the pectoralis major |
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Term
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Definition
| contracture/shortening of the sternocleidomastoid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| absence of part of a limb |
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Term
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Definition
| any defect involving the talus |
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Term
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Definition
| forms the primitive hear tube beats on day 22 |
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Term
| Pleuropericardial membranes |
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Definition
| form the pericardium and pleura (somatic parts) |
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of four heart defects: 1. pulmonary stenosis 2. right ventricular hypertrophy 3. over-riding aorta 4. ventricular septal defect |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Undivided truncus arteriosus |
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Definition
| neural crest defect where the bulbar regions fail to form |
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Term
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Definition
| common defect associated with rubella and pregnancies occurring in high altitudes more common in females |
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Term
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Definition
| patent foramen ovale, common, can involve defect in septum primum or septum secundum |
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Term
| Ventricular septal defect |
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Definition
| common involves the membranous part of the interventricular septum |
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Term
| Transposition of the great vessels |
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Definition
| most common cause of cyanosis in newborn |
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Term
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Definition
| left disappears, right forms portal system |
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Term
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Definition
| right disappears, left drains placenta (becomes ligamentum teres hepatis) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| drains body wall (azygos veins) |
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Term
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Definition
| between left umbilical and right vitelline veins forms ligamentum venosum |
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Term
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Definition
| begins in the 4th week derived from the gut tube lungs become viable during the 24th gestational week due to secretion of surfactant formation of most alveoli occurs between birth and the 8th year |
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Term
| Tracheoesophageal Fistulas |
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Definition
| abnormal connections between esophagus and airway, usually involves a proximal esophagus that ends in a blind pouch and a distal esophagus that connects to the trachea |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of defects that arise from exposure to high levels of estrogens/progesterones during the embryonic period (weeks 3-9) |
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Term
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Definition
| notochord induces formation of neural plate which gives rise to neural crest and neural tube |
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Term
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Definition
| persists as the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc |
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Term
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Definition
| alar plate is dorsal (sensory) basal plate is ventral (motor) |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rise to all ganglia, Schwann cells, meninges, suprarenal medulla, melanocytes, cartilage, bone and blood vessels of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| involves only vertebral arch, small tuft of hair over the lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| incomplete closure of the neural tube caudally (caudal neuropore on day 27) can be detected by alpha-fetoprotein and includes a sac containing CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| sac includes meninges and CSF |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| result when the anterior neuropore fails to close (day 25) forebrain is poorly developed |
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Term
| Arnold-Chiari malformation |
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Definition
| cerebellum herniates through the foramen magnum seen in conjunction with spina bifida cystica accompanied by hydrocephalus |
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Term
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Definition
| most often due to stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct secondary to a fetal viral infection |
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Term
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Definition
| most commonly caused by maternal alcohol abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| conus and filum are abnormally fixed, lower limb and bladder control problems |
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Term
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Definition
| arise from remnants of Rathke’s pouch, associated with diabetes insipidus and visual deficits |
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Term
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Definition
| large clefts in cerebral hemispheres continuous with lateral ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| arise from remnants of Rathke’s pouch, associated with diabetes insipidus and visual deficits |
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Term
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Definition
| congenital constriction of the cerebral aqueduct |
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Term
| Arnold-Chiari malformation |
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Definition
| herniation of the cerebellum through an enlarged foramen magnum associated with spina bifida cystica |
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Term
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Definition
| skull defect that permits structures to herniate: |
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Term
| Cranium bifidum Meningocele |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranium bifidum Meningoencephalocele |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranium bifidum Meningohydroencephalocele |
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Definition
| meninges, brain and ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the intestines do not return to the abdominal cavity following normal |
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Term
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Definition
| the guts are covered by the amniotic sac |
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Term
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Definition
| guts protrude outside of the abdominal cavity but covered with skin and connective tissue |
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Term
| Congenital pyloric stenosis |
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Definition
| characterized by projectile vomiting in a newborn |
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Term
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Definition
| interruption of the gastrointestinal tract at esophagus vomit contains uncurdled milk at gastric region the vomit contains curdled milk at the duodenum the vomit contains bile |
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Term
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Definition
| a remnant of the vitelline stalk and yolk sac, exists as an outward projection of the distal ilium about one meter form the ileocecal junction that can contains gastric or pancreatic tissue found in about 2% of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the hindgut fails to be invaded by migrating neural crest cells, results in hypomobility, constipation and congenital megacolon |
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Term
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Definition
| the anal membrane does not regress |
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Term
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Definition
| connection between the midgut and umbilicus |
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Term
| Derivatives of the genital ducts: male |
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Definition
| high level of testosterone stimulates development of the mesonephric duct Mullerian inhibiting factor prevents development of paramesonephric ducts |
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Term
| Derivatives of the genital ducts: female |
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Definition
| low level of testosterone prevents development of mesonephric ducts and no Mullerian inhibiting factor permits development of the paramesonephric ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct |
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Term
| Mesonephric ducts: female |
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Definition
| epoophoron, paroophoron, Gartner’s duct |
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Term
| Paramesonephric duct: male |
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Definition
| appendix of testes and prostatic utricle |
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Term
| Paramesonephric duct: female |
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Definition
| uterine tube, uterus and superior part of vagina |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the inferior poles of the kidneys contact each other before ascent the kidneys fuse and ascent to the lumbar region is prevented by the inferior mesenteric artery |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the ureteric bud |
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Term
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Definition
| rare seen with exstrophy of the bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| common opening on the ventral aspect of the penis results from a failure of urethral folds to completely meet |
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Term
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Definition
| 45 XO infantile female genitalia, ovarian streaks and webbed neck |
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Term
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Definition
| 47 XXY common (1/500) gynecomastia, infertile males |
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Term
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Definition
| after week 9 the genitalia can be distinguished as male or female! |
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Term
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Definition
| develop from epiblast and migrate along the yolk sac and mesentery to the lumbar region |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis from a patent processus vaginalis |
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Term
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Definition
| connection from bladder to umbilicus |
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Term
| Pharyngeal Clefts (Grooves) |
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Definition
| four pairs ectoderm that forms only epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rise to the external auditory meatus. |
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Term
| second through fourth Pharyngeal clefts typically regress |
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Definition
| may form a cervical sinus. |
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Term
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Definition
| four pairs endoderm that forms only epithelium |
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Term
| The first Pharyngeal pouch |
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Definition
| gives rise to the auditory tube, mastoid antrum and tympanic cavity. |
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Term
| The second Pharyngeal pouch |
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Definition
| forms the palatine tonsil. |
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Term
| The third Pharyngeal pouch |
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Definition
| gives rise to the thymus and inferior parathyroid gland. |
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Term
| The fourth Pharyngeal pouch |
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Definition
| gives rise to the superior parathyroid |
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Term
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Definition
| There are five pharyngeal arches mesoderm forms skeletal muscle neural crest grows into each arch and forms all connective tissue (cartilage, bone and blood vessels) |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a condition characterized by a shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and results in an elevation of the chin to the opposite side can be caused by damage to the muscle, spinal accessory nerve or can be congenital. |
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Term
| Lateral cervical cysts (branchial fistula) |
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Definition
| arises from the second through fourth pharyngeal clefts |
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Term
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Definition
| most often arise from a remnant of the thyroglossal duct (thyroglossal duct cysts) |
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Term
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Definition
| Results from failure of the maxillary prominence to join the medial nasal prominences to form the intermaxillary segment (primary palate derives from intermaxillary segment) |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior to incisive foramen lateral palatine process fails to fuse with primary palate |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs through the 2. palate where lateral palatine process don’t fuse or meet nasal septum |
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Term
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Definition
| involves both the primary and secondary palate |
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Term
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Definition
| reversal of organs can involve all organs or just single organs (heart dextrocardia) |
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Term
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Definition
| develops from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, paraxial mesoderm and dorsal mesentery of the esophagus |
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Term
| Congenital diaphragmatic hernia |
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Definition
| results from a failure of the pleuroperitoneal fold to close the pericardioperitoneal |
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Term
|
Definition
| most common on the left side |
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Term
|
Definition
| form from trophoblast and somatic layer of extraembryonic mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Changes at Birth: umbilical arteries -> |
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Definition
| paired medial umbilical ligaments |
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Term
| Changes at Birth: umbilical veins --> |
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Definition
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Term
| Changes at Birth: urachus |
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Definition
| median umbilical ligament, |
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Term
| Changes at Birth: foramen ovale |
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Definition
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Term
| Changes at Birth: ductus arteriosus |
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Definition
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Term
| Changes at Birth: ductus venosus |
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Definition
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