Term
| What is the purpose of vaccinations? |
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Definition
| to develop active immunity by the creation of memory cells |
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Term
| What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccinations? |
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Definition
| to enhance the immune response generated by a vaccine |
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Term
| Name four sources of antigens that can be used in vaccinations. |
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Definition
| inactivated pathogen toxins, dead pathogens, parts of pathogens and weakened pathogens |
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Term
| How can herd immunity be achieved in a population? |
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Definition
| when a large percentage of a population is immunised |
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Term
| What is the benefit of achieving herd immunity? |
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Definition
| non-immunised individuals are protected |
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Term
| How are non-immunised people protected by herd immunity? |
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Definition
| as there is a lower probability that they will come into contact with infected individuals |
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Term
| What is meant by the term herd immunity threshold? |
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Definition
| the percentage of people in the population that must be immunised to protect the population |
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Term
| What factors affect the level of the herd immunity threshold? |
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Definition
| the disease, the effectiveness of the vaccine and the contact parameters for the population |
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Term
| Why may herd immunity no t be achieved in developing countries? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why may herd immunity no t be achieved in developed countries? |
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Definition
| rejection due to adverse publicity |
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Term
| What is antigenic variation? |
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Definition
| The ability of some pathogens can change their antigens |
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Term
| Why is antigenic variation a problem? |
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Definition
| pathogens can evade the immunological memory, as it no longer recognises the antigens |
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Term
| Name a disease that shows antigenic variation. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do public health programmes deal with the threat of influenza? |
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Definition
| new vaccine produced each year |
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Term
| What do vaccines undergo to establish their safety and effectiveness before being licensed for use? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we call a treatment which is inactive, it does not contain the vaccine or drug being tested. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In what type of trial do neither the researchers not the subjects know which group are given the treatment and which are given the placebo? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a clinical trial what is done to reduce bias in the distribution of characteristics such as gender, age in the test groups? |
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Definition
| the groups are randomised |
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Term
| Why must groups in clinical trials of a vaccine be of a suitably large size? |
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Definition
| to increase the reliability of the results and reduce the effect of any errors. |
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