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HFE - Lecture 1
Introduction
24
Health Care
Undergraduate 4
02/27/2012

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Term
Human Factors - Definition
Definition
• a body of knowledge about human abilities, human limitations, and other human characteristics that are relevant to design.
• the application of human factors information to the design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environments
Term
Human Factors - Goals
Definition
• making human interaction with systems safe, comfortable, and effective (productive)
Term
Ergonomics - Broad Definition
Definition
• the application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems and environments for work use.
Term
Frederick Taylor - Background
Definition
Late 1880s
• Studied brick layers
• Midvale Steel Philadelphia
• Scientific Management – the study of work
Term
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth - Background
Definition
Early 1900s
• Studied brick layers
• Focus on job satisfaction as a means to productivity
• Time-and-motion studies (body motion), fatigue, stress
• Cyclographic analysis
• Divided motion into elements = ‘therbligs’
Term
Frederick Taylor's Studies - Shoveling Experiment
Definition
• Redesigned shovels to different sizes for different jobs
•Productivity increased, material handling costs decreased
Term
Frederick Taylor's Studies - Pig Iron Experiment
Definition
• Established method for carrying iron ‘pigs’ up ramp to train
• Provided financial incentives
• Productivity increased 4 fold
Term
Taylor’s 4 principles of Scientific Management
Definition
1) Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the task
2) Scientifically select, train, and develop each work rather than passively leaving them to train themselves
3) Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically developed methods are being followed
4) Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the works actually perform the tasks
Term
Ergonomics - Background
Definition
• Used information from work physiology, biomechanics, and anthropometry for design of workstations and industrial processes
Term
Ergonomics - Specific Definition
Definition
• Use knowledge of human abilities and limitations to the design of systems, organizations, jobs, machines, tools, and consumer products for Safe, efficient, and comfortable care
Term
Early HFE in USA
Definition
-Rose after WWII, when more US pilots died in training accidents than in combat
-Designed to improve controls/displays in cockpits
-Improvements (multi-function controls) reduced pilot fatalities to 5%
Term
5 Most important Applications of Human Factors Engineering - Early Applications
Definition
1) Antrhopometry
2) Work Physiology
3) Industrial Engineering
4) Biomechanics
5) Psychology
Term
5 Most important Applications of Human Factors Engineering - Current Applications
Definition
1) Safety
2) Industrial Engineering
3) Biomechanics
4) Workload
5) Human-Computer Interaction
Term
Environment - Operator - Machine System
Definition
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Term
Operator - EOM System
Definition
o Central to system
o Perceives the environment through visual and auditory perception
o Perception guided by operator’s attention
o Consider available information
o Make decision
o Response output (operate machine, use tool, throw football)
Term
Operator - Attentional Processes
Definition
1) Subconscious
2) Automatic with training
3) Deliberate strategies
Term
Environment - EOM System
Definition
•Organizational Factors (macro-ergonomics)
o Culture
o Policies: management, communications, training, education
• Task Factors
o Allocation of tasks between people and machines/computers
• Ambient Factors
o Noise, climate, illumination
Term
Safety - EOM System
Definition
• If performance limitations of operator are exceeded, then there is increased risk for human error with probabilities for injury
Term
4 Ways of Improving Safety
Definition
1) Display of information (audio/visual)
2) Allocation of tasks
3) Optimization of ambient environment
4) Organizational parameters
Term
3 Important Attributes of Human/User Centered Design
Definition
1) Focus on the roles of humans in complex systems
2) Design objectives are elaborated in terms of roles of humans
3) Specific design issues follow from these objectives
Term
User Centered Design Process
Definition
1) Identify need for human-centered design
2) Understand and specify the context of use
3)Produce design slns
4)Evaluate design against requirements
5) System satisfies specified user and organizational requirements
Term
Human Centered Design - Objectives
Definition
• Design objectives should be to support humans to achieve the operational objectives for which they are responsible
Term
Human Centered Design should ...
Definition
1) Enhance human abilities
2) Help overcome human limitations
3) Foster user acceptance
Term
4 Human Centered Design Issues
Definition
1) Formulate the right problem
2) Design an appropriate solution (not necessarily engineering excellence)
3) Develop the solution to perform well – operability, maintainability, supportability
4) Assure user satisfaction
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