Term
| Human Factors - Definition |
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Definition
• a body of knowledge about human abilities, human limitations, and other human characteristics that are relevant to design.
• the application of human factors information to the design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environments |
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Term
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Definition
| • making human interaction with systems safe, comfortable, and effective (productive) |
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Term
| Ergonomics - Broad Definition |
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Definition
| • the application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems and environments for work use. |
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Term
| Frederick Taylor - Background |
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Definition
Late 1880s
• Studied brick layers
• Midvale Steel Philadelphia
• Scientific Management – the study of work |
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Term
| Frank and Lillian Gilbreth - Background |
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Definition
Early 1900s
• Studied brick layers
• Focus on job satisfaction as a means to productivity
• Time-and-motion studies (body motion), fatigue, stress
• Cyclographic analysis
• Divided motion into elements = ‘therbligs’ |
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Term
| Frederick Taylor's Studies - Shoveling Experiment |
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Definition
• Redesigned shovels to different sizes for different jobs
•Productivity increased, material handling costs decreased |
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Term
| Frederick Taylor's Studies - Pig Iron Experiment |
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Definition
• Established method for carrying iron ‘pigs’ up ramp to train
• Provided financial incentives
• Productivity increased 4 fold |
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Term
| Taylor’s 4 principles of Scientific Management |
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Definition
1) Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the task
2) Scientifically select, train, and develop each work rather than passively leaving them to train themselves
3) Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically developed methods are being followed
4) Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the works actually perform the tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| • Used information from work physiology, biomechanics, and anthropometry for design of workstations and industrial processes |
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Term
| Ergonomics - Specific Definition |
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Definition
| • Use knowledge of human abilities and limitations to the design of systems, organizations, jobs, machines, tools, and consumer products for Safe, efficient, and comfortable care |
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Term
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Definition
-Rose after WWII, when more US pilots died in training accidents than in combat
-Designed to improve controls/displays in cockpits
-Improvements (multi-function controls) reduced pilot fatalities to 5% |
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Term
| 5 Most important Applications of Human Factors Engineering - Early Applications |
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Definition
1) Antrhopometry
2) Work Physiology
3) Industrial Engineering
4) Biomechanics
5) Psychology |
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Term
| 5 Most important Applications of Human Factors Engineering - Current Applications |
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Definition
1) Safety
2) Industrial Engineering
3) Biomechanics
4) Workload
5) Human-Computer Interaction |
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Term
| Environment - Operator - Machine System |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
o Central to system
o Perceives the environment through visual and auditory perception
o Perception guided by operator’s attention
o Consider available information
o Make decision
o Response output (operate machine, use tool, throw football) |
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Term
| Operator - Attentional Processes |
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Definition
1) Subconscious
2) Automatic with training
3) Deliberate strategies |
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Term
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Definition
•Organizational Factors (macro-ergonomics)
o Culture
o Policies: management, communications, training, education
• Task Factors
o Allocation of tasks between people and machines/computers
• Ambient Factors
o Noise, climate, illumination |
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Term
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Definition
| • If performance limitations of operator are exceeded, then there is increased risk for human error with probabilities for injury |
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Term
| 4 Ways of Improving Safety |
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Definition
1) Display of information (audio/visual)
2) Allocation of tasks
3) Optimization of ambient environment
4) Organizational parameters |
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Term
| 3 Important Attributes of Human/User Centered Design |
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Definition
1) Focus on the roles of humans in complex systems
2) Design objectives are elaborated in terms of roles of humans
3) Specific design issues follow from these objectives |
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Term
| User Centered Design Process |
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Definition
1) Identify need for human-centered design
2) Understand and specify the context of use
3)Produce design slns
4)Evaluate design against requirements
5) System satisfies specified user and organizational requirements |
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Term
| Human Centered Design - Objectives |
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Definition
| • Design objectives should be to support humans to achieve the operational objectives for which they are responsible |
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Term
| Human Centered Design should ... |
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Definition
1) Enhance human abilities
2) Help overcome human limitations
3) Foster user acceptance |
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Term
| 4 Human Centered Design Issues |
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Definition
1) Formulate the right problem
2) Design an appropriate solution (not necessarily engineering excellence)
3) Develop the solution to perform well – operability, maintainability, supportability
4) Assure user satisfaction |
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