Term
| The order of hierarchic system of organization in order from the most inclusive to the least |
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Definition
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Term
| Whi is the first scientist that introduced the notion of evolution as the core theme in biology (1859) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the book where Darwin introduced the notion of evolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| Darwin proposed that current species arose from a process called ______ |
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Definition
| descent with modification |
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Term
| The steps that must be followed before perform any experiments are |
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Definition
1. Hypothesis
2. Experiment
3. Conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| Statement or explanation of certain events or happenings |
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Term
| What is experiments in scientific method? |
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Definition
| repeatable procedure of gathering data to support or proof hypothesis |
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Term
| What is the composition of water? |
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Definition
| two hydrogen atoms bond covalently to one oxygen atom |
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Term
| What kind of bond is water? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the most significant aspect of water? |
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Definition
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Term
| With the polar nature of water that allows for hydrogen bonding between molecules, this give several benefits to intermolecular bonding. Such as |
|
Definition
1. Water's high specific heat
2. Stong cohesive and adhesive properties
3. act as versatile solvent |
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Term
| What is the specific heat of a molelecule? |
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Definition
the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of that molecule by 1 C.
* water has relatively high specific heat value that allows them to resist shifts in temperature. |
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|
Term
| What is one of the most powerful benefit of water specific heat? |
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Definition
| the ability of oceans or large bodies of water to stabilize climates |
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Term
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Definition
the ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of the same substance
* ex/ water tends to run together on a newly waxed car |
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Term
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Definition
the ability of water to bond or attracted other molecules or substances
* when water is sprayed on a wall, some of it sticks to the wall |
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Term
| when water freezes, it forms ___, whcih actually causes the molecules to spread apart, resulting in the phenomenon of ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Do most solid molecules in solid form do not float on the liquid form of the substance |
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Definition
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Term
| The polatiry of water also allows it to act as a vesatile solvent. What does this means? |
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Definition
| Water can be used to dissolve a number of different substances |
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Term
| What are the significant molecules to biology? |
|
Definition
Carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| long chains / polymers of sugar |
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Term
| What are the main function of Carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is other name for lipids, and some types of lipids |
|
Definition
fats
Fatty Acids,
Phospholipids
Steroids |
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Term
| two groups of Fatty Acids |
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Definition
| Saturated and Unsaturated |
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Term
| Saturated Vs. Unsaturated fats |
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Definition
Saturated: contain no double bonds in their hydrocarbon tail
They are solid
Unsaturated: have one or more double bonds
They are liquid at room temperature |
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Term
| Which fats that general public considers detrimental. Such as cardiovascular problems that are likely develop with diets that contain high quantities of these fats |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Two fatty acids of varying lenth bonded to a phosphate group |
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Term
| in Phospholipids, the phosphate group (head) is charged therefore it is _____, whereas the hydrocarbon (tail) is _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The polar head and nonpolar tail in phospholipids is important in the function of _____ to create _____ |
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Definition
Cell membrane
barrier that protects the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| component of membranes, but more important and many of them are precursor to significant hormones |
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Term
| The type of molecules that are significant contributor to cellular function |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein are polymers of 20 molecules called |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are particular types of proteins that act to catalyze diferent reactions or processes |
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Definition
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Term
| What are components of the molecules of inheritance |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is a unique molecule specific to a particular organism and contains the code that is necessary for replication |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is used in transfer and as a messenger in most species of the genetic code |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is DNA and RNA stands for simultaneously |
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Definition
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Ribonucleic Acid |
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Term
| The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism |
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Definition
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Term
| the series of steps of reaction in a cell is called _____ that progressing from a standpoint of high energy to low energy |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the catalyze of all reactions are |
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Definition
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Term
| The fundamental unit of biology |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the two different types of cell |
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Definition
| Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic |
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Term
| Cells consist of many components, most of which are reffered as |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cell that lack of nucleus and do not contain membrane-bound organelles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cell that have nucleus (membrane-enclosed) and a series of membrane bound organelles? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What organelles contain DNA of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| in nucleus, DNA of the cell is organized in ______ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do Chromosomes consist of |
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Definition
material for the regeneration of the cell
instructions for the function of the cell |
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Term
T/F
Does every organism has a characteristic number of chromosomes specific to the particular species? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Organelles that read the RNA produced in the nucleus and translate the genetic instruction to produce proteins |
|
Definition
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|
Term
T/F
Cell with high rate of protein synthesis generally have a large number of ribosomes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where are the location of ribosomes? |
|
Definition
Bound ribosome attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
free ribosomes found in the cytoplasm |
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Term
True or false
Both free ribosome and bound ribosome are interchangeable and have identical structures even though they have slightly different roles
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the membranous organelle found attached to nuclear membrane and consists of two continuous parts? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The part or ER that covered with ribosomes are called |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein synthesis and membrane production |
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Term
| type of ER that lack of ribosomes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The function of smooth ER |
|
Definition
| detoxification and etabolism of multiple molecules |
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|
Term
| the packaging, processing, shipping organelle inside the cell is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the function of Golgi Apparatus |
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Definition
| Transport materials from ER thoughout the cell |
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Term
| Intracellular digestion takes place in ______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The function of lysosomes |
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Definition
| hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids since they are packed with hydrolitic enzymes |
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|
Term
| membrane enclosed structures that have various functions, depending on cell type are called |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the term for a process of uptake food through the cell membrane, creating a fod vacuole? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Two distinct organelles that produce cell energy are _____ |
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Definition
| Mitochondria and Chloroplast |
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Term
| Where do Mitochondria and Chloroplast located? |
|
Definition
Mitochondria - Eukaryotic cell
Chloroplast - Prokaryotic cell (plants) |
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|
Term
| What is the function of Mitochondria |
|
Definition
| the site of cellular respiration |
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|
Term
| What is the function of Chloroplasts? |
|
Definition
| the site of photosynthesis |
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Term
| What is the most important component of the cell contributing to protection, communication, and the passage of substances into and out of the cell? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The function of Cellular membrane |
|
Definition
Protection
Communication
Passage of substances in and out of the cell |
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|
Term
| The composition of a cell membrane are_____ |
|
Definition
Phospholipids with protein
Cholesterol
Glycoproteins |
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Term
| Because phospholipids are _____ molecules, this bilayer creates a hydrophobic region betwee the two layers of lipids, aking it selectively permeable |
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Definition
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|
Term
T/F
cellular respiration produces far more energy than anaerobic fermentation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the equation balance for cellular respiration |
|
Definition
| C6H1206 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
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|
Term
| the molecule that is used as the currency of the cell is |
|
Definition
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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|
Term
| another compound that act as a reducing agent in cell respiration and is a vehicle of stored energy is |
|
Definition
| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) |
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|
Term
| What is the function of NADH |
|
Definition
| precursor to produce greater amount of ATP in the final steps of respiration |
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|
Term
| What is the first step of respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during glycolysis _____ transformed into ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where does glycolysis take place and what is the product? |
|
Definition
in the cytosol of the cell
2ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH |
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|
Term
| what is the second step of respiration where pyruvate transported to mitochondrion and used in the first series of reaction called _____ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| where does Krebs Cycle takes place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the precursor and product in Krebs Cycle? |
|
Definition
Precursor: glucose, 2 ATP, 6 CO2
Product: 6NADH |
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|
Term
| What is the third step of respiration that begins with the oxidation of the NADH molecules to produce oxygen and finally produce water in a series of steps called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which steps produce the most energy? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the product in electron transport chain for every glucose molecule? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the overall ATP production numbers of ATP for every glucose molecule consumed in cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a precursor to the glucose moleculeis produced in a process called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical reation for photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| 6 CO2 + 6H20 + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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|
Term
| What are the two different stages of photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| light reactions and Calvin cycle |
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|
Term
| What is the function of light reaction? |
|
Definition
| convert solar energy to chemical energy |
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|
Term
| How does photosynthesis works in light reaction? |
|
Definition
| the cell absorb light and using that energy to split a water molecule and transfer the electron to create NADPH and producing ATP that is needed for the cell to start the Calvin cycle to produce sugar |
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Term
| The sugar in phososynthesis is polymerized and stored as a ______ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the purpose of storing sugar in polymer of glucose? |
|
Definition
| to be consumed by the organism or plant to produce energy by cellular respiration |
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|
Term
| Cell reproduce by three different process, all of which fall into two categories which are _____ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Two types of asexual reproduction
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|
Definition
| binary fission and mitosis |
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Term
| The process where the chromosome bind to plasma membrane, where it replicates and grows, pinches in two, produce two identical cell is called ___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the process of cell division occurs in five stages before pinching in two is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five stages of cytokinesis? |
|
Definition
Profase
prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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|
Term
| The process where the chromosomes are visibily separate and each duplicated chromosome has two noticeable sister chromatids called ____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The nuclear envelope begins to disappear and the chromosomes begin to atttach to the spindle phase follows with all the chromosome aligning along |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| during metaphase, all the chromosomes aligning along what is it called? |
|
Definition
| metaphase plate or the center of the cell |
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|
Term
| _____ begins when the chromosomes start to separate. in this phase, chromatids are consider separate chromosomes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in this phase, the chromosomes gather on either side of the now separating cell. and this phase is the end of mitosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the second process associated with cell division? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What happen during the cytokinesis phase which is separate from the mitosis |
|
Definition
| the cell pinches into two, forming two separate identical cell |
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|
Term
| What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction |
|
Definition
asexual: the offspring come from a single cell, and all produced cell will be identical
sexual: two cell contribute genetic material to the daughter cell, that results in greater variation. these two cell find and fertilize each other randomly, that makes the cell impossible to be alike |
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|
Term
| the process that determines how reproductive system divide in sexually reproductive organism is _____ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the two distinct stage in meiosis and the product of it |
|
Definition
meiosis 1 and 2
four daughter cells |
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|
Term
| each of these daughter cells contain how many choromosmes as the parent? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| during this phase, the chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepare for division |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
meiosis vs mitosis
the significant difference between meiosis and mitosis occur in |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Using garden peas, _____ discovered the basic principle of genetics |
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Definition
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|
Term
T/F
from Mendel's studies, scientists have found that for every trait expressed in a sexually reproducing organism, there would be at least two alternative version of a gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two alternative version of gene is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for simple traits, the version can be one of two types |
|
Definition
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|
Term
if both of the alleles are the same type, the organism will be called _____.
if they are different types, the organism will be called _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the device that can predict genotype (combination of alleles) and phenotype (what traits will be expressed) of the offspring of sexual reproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other methods that can be used to do genetic expression are |
|
Definition
multiple alleles,
pleiotropy
epistasis
polyenic inheritance |
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|
Term
| a method that use family tree to traces the occurrence of a certain trait through several generation is ______. it is also useful to understand the gentic past as well as the possible future |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is the genetic material of a cell and is the vehicle of intheritance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in 1953, ____ and ____ described the structure of DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| They described a double helix structure contain 4 nitrogenous bases which are _____ |
|
Definition
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine |
|
|
Term
| What are the bonding for all the four nitrogenous bases to form a specific bonding pattern? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During this process, the strands are separated. Then with several enzymes, new strands created that gives two new double-stranded segment of DNA identical to the original |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each gene along a strand of DNA is a template for ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the production of protein synthesis starts where RNA strand, a complementary strand of DNA is being produced This process is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during transcription, the piece of genetic material produced that is called ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In RNA, Thymine is being subtitute with ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of mRNA? |
|
Definition
| messanger from the original DNA helix in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytosol or on the rough ER> |
|
|
Term
| the ribosome in mRNA act as ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| every group of three bases along the RNA is called ___ and each of these codes for a specific amino acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the anticodon located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the chain of amino acids ended? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happen in stop codon? |
|
Definition
| the chain is transported into cytoplasm and pretein folds onto itsef and form its complete conformation |
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