Term
|
Definition
| any physical or psychological event or condition that triggers stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical and emotional reactions to stress |
|
|
Term
| What system(s) prepare your body to respond to a threat? |
|
Definition
| nervous system and endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| 2 divisions of automatic nervous system |
|
Definition
| parasympatheic and sympathetic |
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Term
|
Definition
| division of automatic nervous system that controls the body at rest |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| division of automatic nervous system that is activated during an emergency, activates endocrine system that causes the release of hormones and neruotransmitters |
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Term
|
Definition
| brain secretions that have pain-inhibiting effects |
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Term
|
Definition
| epinephrine, cortisol, norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physiological changes such as acute hearing and vision, heart rate acceleration, liver releases extra sugar, perspiration increasesm endorphins release to relieve pain |
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|
Term
| physiological changes induced by hormones are collectively called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of type A personality |
|
Definition
| react more explosively to stressors and have difficulty coping |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of type B personality |
|
Definition
| relaxed and contemplative |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of type C personality |
|
Definition
| difficulty expressing emotions, anger suppression, feelings of hopelessness and despair, exaggerated stress response to minor cognitive stressors |
|
|
Term
| people with "hardy" personalities |
|
Definition
| view stressors as challenges and learning opportunities |
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|
Term
| health concerns for type A and C personality |
|
Definition
| increase risk of heart disease, problems coping with stress, impaired immune functions |
|
|
Term
| What 5 factors increase risk of illness and ailments? |
|
Definition
| stress, genetic predisposition, personality, social environment, and health related behaviors |
|
|
Term
| general adaptation syndrome |
|
Definition
| a universal predictable response pattern to stressors |
|
|
Term
| general adaptation syndrome |
|
Definition
| a universal predictable response pattern to stressors |
|
|
Term
| 3 stages of general adaptation syndrome |
|
Definition
| alarm, resistance, and exhaustion |
|
|
Term
| high allostatic load is linked with |
|
Definition
| heart disease, high blood pressure, obesity and reduced brain and immune system functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the interation between the nervous system, endocrine system and the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| translate emotions into physiological events, are received by both the brain and immune cells so that brain and immune systems share a biochemical language which is the language of emotions |
|
|
Term
| major cause of atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most serious long term effect of stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| statement of one's feelings, the act that is bothersome, and the effect of the act on you |
|
|
Term
| most restful sleep occurs in... |
|
Definition
| the first 4 hours of sleep |
|
|
Term
| Is it more important to go to bed at the same time or to wake up at the same time everyday? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 cognitive techniques to reduce stress |
|
Definition
| live in the present, accept what you cant change, modify your expectations |
|
|
Term
| relaxation techniques trigger... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the relaxation state make one feel? |
|
Definition
| warmth and quiet mental alertness |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 relaxation techniques |
|
Definition
| progressive relaxation, visualization, deep breathing, listening to music |
|
|
Term
| If stress-management program is not working you can try... |
|
Definition
| self-help guides, support groups, and psychotherapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mood disorder characterized by loss of interest, sadness, hopelessness, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep and physical symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between the plural cavities in its own cavity called the mediastinum and enclosed in a sac called the pericardial sac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outer layer of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the midde, muscle layer of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inner layer of the heart |
|
|
Term
| major risk factors for CVD can be controlled by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Six controllable risk factros for CVD |
|
Definition
| tobacco use, cholesterol, blood pressure, physical inactivity, obesity and diabetes |
|
|
Term
| risk of heart attack for smokers is... |
|
Definition
| 2x the risk for non-smokers |
|
|
Term
| heart attack victims who smoke are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| risk of heart attack and stroke for women who smoke and use contraceptives is... |
|
Definition
| heart attack- 39 times more likely; stroke- 22 times more likely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces levels of HDLs, increases levels of triglycerides and LDLs, causes high blood pressure, and heart rate to rise |
|
|
Term
| effects of carbon monoxide from cigarettes |
|
Definition
| displaces oxygen in the blood and causes platelets to cluster, thickening the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the blood exerts too much force against the vessel walls |
|
|
Term
| effects of high blood pressure |
|
Definition
| strains, enlargens and weakens the heart and can lead to heart attack, strole, atherosclerosis and kidney failure |
|
|
Term
| cholesterol is manufactured in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 lipoproteins that deliver cholesterol are |
|
Definition
| LDLs, HDLs, and triglycerides/lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| effects of high levels of saturated fat and trans fatty acids |
|
Definition
| increase in levels of LDLs |
|
|
Term
| What happens to cholesterol that is not used by cells |
|
Definition
| it spills out and collects on artery walls, thus resulting in plaque buildup |
|
|
Term
| How can you improve cholesterol levels? |
|
Definition
| cutting total LDL intake, substituting unsatureated fat, increasing soluble fiber, exercising and not smoking |
|
|
Term
| What seeks out excess cholesterol and returns it to the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Max total cholesterol should be below... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a desirable TC/HDL ratio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are at high risk for heart disease and stroke if your body weight is... |
|
Definition
| more than 30 percent above recommended level |
|
|
Term
| Fat is most dangerous when it collects around the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a metabolic disease that is characterized by limited production of insulin by the pancreas or resistance of the cells to insulin, or both |
|
|
Term
| most common and modifiable type of diabetes is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elevated blood glucose levels can... |
|
Definition
| damage the lining of the arteries, makeing the vulnerable to atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| Contributing factors of heart disease that can be changed are... |
|
Definition
| high tryglyceride levels and physchological and social factors |
|
|
Term
| 4 major risk factors for heart disease that can not be changed |
|
Definition
| heredity, aging, being male, and ethnicity |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for heart disease that are being studied |
|
Definition
| c-reactive protein, a marker for inflammation, high blood levels of hymocysteine, lipoprotein (a) and several infectious agents such as chlamydia pnemonia |
|
|
Term
| markers for metabolic syndrome |
|
Definition
| abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels,high blood pressure, high blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 115 systolic, 75 diastolic |
|
|
Term
| effects of hypertension over time.. |
|
Definition
| damage vital organs, increase risk of heart attack, congestive heart failure, stroke, kidney disease and blindness |
|
|
Term
| high blood pressure can be controlled through... |
|
Definition
| diet, exercise, and medication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dialation of a vessel (like a bubble or sac) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause by the rupture of a vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a slow, progressive hardening and narrowing of the arteries by plaques (deposits of fat), cholesterol and other substances, arteries become less elastic and lose their ability to expand and contract, restricting blood flow |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
| smoking, physical inactivity, high cholesterol levels, hypertension and diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced blood flow to the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pain that results from lack of blood flow to the heart |
|
|
Term
| vessel of the heart that is most often blocked |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by blockage of the coronary artery, if the clot blocks the blood flow to the heart, the heart muscle may die due to lack of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disturbance in the electrical impulses that control the heart beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a picture of the electrical activity of the heart...vertical graph shows voltage, horizontal shows time |
|
|
Term
| potential ectopic pacemakers |
|
Definition
| specialized neural structures that take over if normal pacemaking mechanisms fail at a rate of 75 beats/ minute in the atria and 30-40 beats/ minute in the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood supply to the brain is cut off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ischemic- cause by reduced blood flow to the brain, and hemorrhagic- caused by ruptured vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when heart can not maintain its regular pumping rate and force causing fluids to accumulate in the body |
|
|
Term
| how many deaths does cancer cause each year in the U.S.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how common is cancer as a cause of death? |
|
Definition
| 2nd most common after heart disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells that if left untreated can ultimately cause death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has cells similar to surrounding tissue and is enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from penetrating neighboring tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are cancerous growths capable of invading surrounding tissue and spreading through blood and nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell is able to divide itself unchecked by normal control mechanisms and creates an abnormal mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another, occurs because cancer cells can break away from eachother more rapidly than normal cells, is especially hard to stop once cancers reach the blood or lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of cancer death in the US... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tobacco smoke accounts for what percent of all cancers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of lung cancer patients are alive after 5 years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incidence of colon cancer is linked to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small growths on the colon wall that becomee malignant and develop into colorectal cancer, symptoms include bleeding and change in bowel habits |
|
|
Term
| 2 tests to determine colorectal cancer |
|
Definition
| stool blood test and colonoscopy |
|
|
Term
| a polyp may be detected and removed with a.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common cancer in women... |
|
Definition
| breast cancer...second largest cause of cancer death among women |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for breast cancer include |
|
Definition
| family history (accounts for 15%), age, alcohol use, obesity, early first menstruation, latae first motherhood, use of hormone replacement therapy |
|
|
Term
| estrogen's effect on cancer |
|
Definition
| promotes cancer in sites that are growth responsive such as breast and uterine tissue |
|
|
Term
| high incidence of breast cancer in industrialized countries is due to |
|
Definition
| lack of monounsaturated fats, a diet high in polyunsaturated fats and calories, and low in vegetables |
|
|
Term
| most common cancer in men... |
|
Definition
| prostate cancer...2nd leading cause of cancer death in men |
|
|
Term
| most prostate cancers are diagnosed in men over |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the strongest predictor of risk of prostate cancer is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ethnic group witht the highest rate of prostate cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prostate cancer can be detected through |
|
Definition
| a rectal examination, a psa blood test and ultrasound |
|
|
Term
| what percent of cervical cancers stem from hpv infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| detection of cervical cancer is made by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most skin cancer is linked to |
|
Definition
| exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun in early childhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects the deepest layers of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects the surface layers of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects the surface layers of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a malignant tumor of the skin that arises from pigmented cells, usually a mole |
|
|
Term
| basal and squamous cell carcinomas account for what percent of skin cancers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics that may signal melanoma |
|
Definition
| A- assymetry, B- border irregularity, C- color change, D- diameter greater than 1/4inch |
|
|
Term
| clothing make from sun protective fabrics have... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oral cancer is primarily caused by... |
|
Definition
| ...smoking, using smokeless spit tobacco, and excessive alcohol use |
|
|
Term
| most common cancer among men ages 20-35 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what may increase risk of testicular cancer? |
|
Definition
| history of undescended testicles |
|
|
Term
| what is the major risk factor for pancreatic cancer (whoch is almost always fatal)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much more often does bladder cancer occur in men than women? what causes it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three factors that cause cancer |
|
Definition
| dna, diet and exercise, and environment |
|
|
Term
| what causes uncontrolled cell division? |
|
Definition
| mutagenst in genes that control cell division may release the brake on growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agents that cause mutations, include radiation, some viruses and chemical substances in the air |
|
|
Term
| What type of diet contributes to colon, prostate and stomach cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does effect does having 3 drinks a day have on breast cancer? |
|
Definition
| it doubles risk of breast cancer |
|
|
Term
| what is the risk of oral cancer to people who drink and smoke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| consumption of what 3 things may reduce risk of many cancers? |
|
Definition
| fruits, vegetables and phytochemicals |
|
|
Term
| What can reduce risk of cancer in the colon, prostate, kidney, gallbladder, breast and reproductive organs in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What food additives are potentially dangerous and where are they found? |
|
Definition
| nitrates and nitrites; found in beer, ale, ham, bacon and processed lunch meats |
|
|
Term
| what are sources of radiation? |
|
Definition
| xrays, sunlamps and uv rays from sun |
|
|
Term
| what percent of the world's cancers are caused by microbes (including viruses, bacterias and parasites)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of the world's cancers are caused by microbes (including viruses, bacterias and parasites)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those designed to alter a persons experiences or conciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a state in which sometimes unpredictable physical and emotional changes occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a habit that has gotten out of control and has a negative impact on the individual's health |
|
|
Term
| addiction is that which the body produces because |
|
Definition
| activities and drugs trigger the release of the body's own brain chemicals, not chemicals from the drug |
|
|
Term
| 5 characteristics of addictive behavior |
|
Definition
| reinforcement, compulsion/craving, loss of control, escalation, negative consequences |
|
|
Term
| factors which contribute to the development of an addiction |
|
Definition
| characteristics of the individual, the environment, the substance/behavior |
|
|
Term
| 6 examples of psychoactive drugs |
|
Definition
| alcohol, caffeine, cocain, heroine, LSD, tobacco |
|
|
Term
| who defines drug use, abuse and dependence? |
|
Definition
| the american psychiatric association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure to fulfill responsibilities, physically hazardous situations, legal problems |
|
|
Term
| 3 symptoms of drug dependence |
|
Definition
| tolerance for substance, withdrawal, taking substance in larger amounts than intended |
|
|
Term
| 5 risk factors for trying drugs |
|
Definition
| being male, young, disinterested in school, a risk taker and having exposure to drugs |
|
|
Term
| drug that is easiest to get hooked on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent alcohol does a 100 proof beverage contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what BAC is considered legally drunk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much shorter is life expectancy for alcoon abusers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolonged alcohol use destroys liver cells, replacing them with fibrous scar tissue |
|
|
Term
| with respect to heart health, heavy usage of alcohol is associated with |
|
Definition
| high blood pressure, weakening of the heart muscle and cardiovascular problems |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of children with fetal alcohol syndrome |
|
Definition
| born makk, have heart defects, abnormal head and facial features, developmental and motor problems, may be mentally retarded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recurrent alcohol use that has negative consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having 5 drinks in a row for men, and 4 drinks in a row for women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of repeated alcohol use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what alcoholics experience when they stop drinking, symptoms may be life-threatening |
|
|
Term
| 4 withdrawal symptoms of nicotine |
|
Definition
| muscular pain, nausea, insomnia, and headaches |
|
|
Term
| immediate effects of nicotine on the body |
|
Definition
| first it excites the nervous system, then it tranquilizes it leading to depression |
|
|
Term
| 4 short term problems with tobacco use |
|
Definition
| loss of appetite, fatigue, stomach pains, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| how much less is life expectancy for smokers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain more nicotine and produce more tar than cigarettes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain twice as much tar, nicottine and carbn monoxide as conventional cigarettes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small cigarettes imported from india, 4 times more nicotine and 2 times more tar as US cigarettes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of mainstream (inhaled by smokers) and sidestream (from burning end of cigarette) |
|
|
Term
| what percent of smoke in room is sidestream smoke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effects of smoke on infants and children |
|
Definition
| infants-bronchitis, pnemonia; children- asthma |
|
|
Term
| what effects does smoking have during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| doubles risk of miscarriage and increases risk of ectopic pregnancy, premature delivey, problems with placent, and sudden infant death syndrome |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of children whose mothers smoke more than 2 packs a day |
|
Definition
| perform poorly on developmental tests, exhibit hyperactivity, short attention span and lower reading scores |
|
|
Term
| One out of every how many college students has HIV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human Immunodeficiency virus |
|
Definition
| invades CD4 t cells and change the reproductive code of the t cell to reproduce HIV cells. T cells are destroyed in the process...is a chronic disease that progressively damages the immune system |
|
|
Term
| length of asymptomatic period |
|
Definition
| 2-20 years, average- 11 years |
|
|
Term
| what fluids can transmit HIV? |
|
Definition
| blood, blood products, semen, vaginal secretions, and cervical secretions |
|
|
Term
| routes for HIV transmission |
|
Definition
| unprotected sex and direct exposure to infected blood from infected needles, mother to child |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be used to detect HIV before antibodies appear |
|
|
Term
| HIV test for initial screening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV test for confirmation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do antiviral drugs work? |
|
Definition
| keep HIV from replicating itself |
|
|
Term
| cost of treatment of HIV in US |
|
Definition
| 14,000 to 35,000 dollars per year |
|
|
Term
| genital worts are caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of americans between 15 and 49 have HPV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dry, rough, painless growths in or on the penis, anus, and rectum |
|
|
Term
| how long is incubation period for HPV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| women with HPV have an increased risk of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of genital herpes |
|
Definition
| blisterlike sores, muscles pain, fever, burning during urination for men |
|
|
Term
| genital herpes outbreaks can be triggered by |
|
Definition
| stress, illness, and fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the liver, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes type of hepatitis similar to HIV but is much more contagious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary risk factors for HBV |
|
Definition
| sexual exposure and injection drug use |
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis is diagnosed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic carriers of hepatitis may develop |
|
Definition
| cirrhosis, liver failure and liver cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| none, but there is a vaccine |
|
|
Term
| untreated chlamydia in women may cause |
|
Definition
| pelvic inflammatory disease and in tern, infertility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epididymitis and causes half the cases of urethritis |
|
|
Term
| chlamydia is diagnosed through |
|
Definition
| urine screening and is easily cured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PID in women and urethritis and epididymitis in men, rashes and a type of arthritis |
|
|
Term
| common symptoms of gonorrhea |
|
Definition
| most experience none (1/3 of men experience none) |
|
|
Term
| gonorrhea is diagnosed through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection of uterus , oviducts, overies and pelvic cavity caused by untreated STDs |
|
|
Term
| PID effects what percent of women with untreated chlamydia and gonorrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by the presence of an ulcer where the spirochete entered the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by mild, flu-like symptoms and a bilateral skin rash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can damage many organs possible causing dementia, cardiovascular damage, blindness and death |
|
|
Term
| syphilis can be treated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trichomoniasis is cause by |
|
Definition
| a single celled organism that can be transmitted sexually or nonsexually |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of trichomoniasis |
|
Definition
| greenish, foul smelling discharge that causes severe itching and pain in the vagina and vulva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common of abnormal vaginal discharge in women caused by displacement of the normal bacteria ofthe vagina by unhealty species, treatment includes topical and oral antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| 4 characteristics of friendship |
|
Definition
| acceptance, companionship, help, respect |
|
|
Term
| what percent of face to face communication is nonverbal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 dimensions of a lasting sexual relationship? |
|
Definition
| commitment, emotional intimacy, and passion |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 important communication skills? |
|
Definition
| listening, self-disclosure and feedback |
|
|
Term
| 6 characteristics of strong family relationships |
|
Definition
| appreciation, commitment, communication, coping with stress, spiritual wellness, time together |
|
|
Term
| general functioning remains constant until age... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes due to aging process |
|
Definition
| skin is drier and less elastic, ability to hear high pitched sounds decline, eyesight declines, cells at base of hair follicles produce less pigment, bone mass is lost and muscles are weaker, heart pumps less blood and max heart rate drops |
|
|
Term
| what is the biggest factor in damaging our environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| global warming caused by burning fossil fuels, may cause polar ice caps to melt, raise sea levels and change weather patterns |
|
|
Term
| thining of the ozone layer is due to |
|
Definition
| chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) |
|
|
Term
| without the ozone layer to absorb uv rays...the body willl be affected by |
|
Definition
| increased risks of skin cancer, cataracts, blindness and impaired immune sysetem funtioning |
|
|
Term
| acid rain is caused by... |
|
Definition
| pollutants combined with water, which damage trees and aquatic life |
|
|
