Term
|
Definition
| The study of the relationships and classification of biotic organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the nomenclature of biotic organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hypothesis of relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The current practice of analysis
based on the primacy of the synapomorphy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A shared, derived character. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The result of phylogenetic
analyses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Any cluster of taxa that share a common
stem in the diagram. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A taxon that is composed of an ancestral species and all of its descendants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taxon that includes an ancestral species, but not all of its descendants, or a group of descendant species, but not the ancestral form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similarity among several taxa that is not due to inheritance from a common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tetrapods are descended from a group of primitive fish known as the lobe-finned fishes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coelacanth - a living fossil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lungfish - three living and many extinct species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extinct group, includes Eusthenopteron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extinct group, includes Panderichthyes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amphibians plus all of their descendants. All have lobed fins or limbs and a suite of other characters that unite them together. |
|
|
Term
| Elpistostegids and Osteolepiforms share with the earliest tetrapods: |
|
Definition
| Rhachitomous vertebrae; Similar pattern of skull roofing bones, including a well defined frontal bone; Labyrinthodont teeth; |
|
|
Term
| Elpistostegids alone share the following with tetrapods: |
|
Definition
| Lack of dorsal and ventral fins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A neural arch, a pair of pleurocentra, and an intercentrum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex infoldings of enamel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The families Acanthostegidae and Ichthyostegidae, most primitive four-legged animals belong to an ancient group whose earliest fossils date from the Upper Devonian. |
|
|
Term
| Ichthyostega and Acanthostega |
|
Definition
| Medium-sized aquatic animals with a large head, fish-like gills, four limbs and a fin on their tails. Largely aquatic and used their limbs mainly for pushing themselves along the bottom and through vegetation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smaller forms with larger heads and smaller bodies. Dissorophidae, Cacops (most likely ancestor). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smaller, salamander-like forms with simple spool-shaped centra. Diplocaulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More terrestrial amphibians with a shorter, higher skull. Gephyrostegus and Seymouria. Sister group to amphibia, gave rise to Amniota. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modern amphibians. Anura, Urodeles and Gymnophiona. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Columella and opercular bones conduct sound to inner ear. The opercular bone is connected to the suprascapula by an opercularis muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Papilla Basilaris and Papilla Amphibiorum |
|
Definition
| Separate sensory epithelial patches in the inner ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Derived from germinal ridge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multicellular mucous and poison glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Visual receptors called green rods in frogs/salamanders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin muscle in the floor of the orbit that causes the eye to bulge outward and to enlarge the buccal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| Lissamphibian Vocalization |
|
Definition
| Use of buccopharyngeal pump ventilatory mechanism, supplemented by cutaneous respiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fused ribs, do not reach around and meet at sternum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rounded projections from the back of the skull which meets the first cervical (neck) vertebra and allows the head to flex and/or rotate on the end of the spine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pattern of reduction and fusion of skull bones and similar patterns of cranial fenestration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of alteration of the timing of life history stages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult. (Progenesis & Neoteny). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate of development of reproductive tract is accelerated – results in small adult. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate of non-reproductive systems is retarded - results in giant adults (Most common in salamanders). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evolution by addition to life cycle (Acceleration & Hypermorphosis). |
|
|
Term
| Neotenic Salamander Families |
|
Definition
Sirenidae, Proteidae, Cryptobranchidae,
Amphiumidae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Larval stage passed within the egg, egg hatches as postmetamorphic young salamander. (Plethodontids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Added life stage, between larva an adult, in some newts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Patches of cornified skin used to grip the female during courtship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Courtship: Pheromone bombardment, tactile stimulation, inducement to follow. (Plethodontids - tail straddling walk) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Males all try to compete for single female/few females in one area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hybrid species are produced by continued hybrid matings among closely related species. European edible frog L. esculenta. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triploid, all-female hybrids. Male needed for mating, DNA not incorporated in offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triploid female hybrids, male genes may be incorporate in offspring. Ambystoma jeffersonianum/laterale. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unisexual clone reproduction without males. Some lizard, one snake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 8 (9 in primitive) presacral vertebrae, fused ribs, caudal vertebrae fused into urostyle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ilia highly elongate, extending forward from acetabulum. Tibiale/fibulare elongate. |
|
|
Term
| Arciferal Pectoral Girdle |
|
Definition
| Overlapping coracoid cartilages. |
|
|
Term
| Firmisternal Pectoral Girdle |
|
Definition
| Abutting coracoid cartilages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inguinal - legs, Axillary - shoulder, Cephalic - head, Independent - backwards, Glued - stuck on back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flap of skin grows over external gills. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slit-like mouth w/o specialized mouthparts, may have barbels, paired opercular chambers, ea. w/ ventrolateral spiracle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lacking mouthparts & barbels, having a single opercular chamber w/ midventral spiracle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized, keratinous mouthparts, single opercular chamber w/ midventral spiracle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| With keratinous mouthparts, single opercular chamber w/ sinestral spiracle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generalized grazer, surface feeder, benthic, midwater. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species identity, spatial location, size, reproductive state, individual identity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Co - aggressive, qui - female attractant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ascaphus trueii, Eleutherodactylus coqui. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Golden toad, declared extinct in 1992. Monte Verde/Jay Savage. |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Amphibian Decline |
|
Definition
| UV radiation/ozone thinning, global warming/el nino, disease, parasites, habitat destruction, chytrid fungus, acid rain |
|
|
Term
| Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis |
|
Definition
| Fungul infection that affects keratin in frogs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contain chytrid zoospores, forms inside frog skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| African clawed frog, believed source of chytrid fungus. |
|
|
Term
| Cause of Limb Deformities |
|
Definition
| Parasitic trematode attacking limb bud. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caecilianselongate, limbless burrowers whose skin is divided by annuli into a series of segments. Tail and left lung highly reduced or absent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Completely roofed over skull. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partly roofed over, slightly kinetic. Rhinatrematidae, Scolecomorphidae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jaw adductor muscles are reduced, while their function is taken up by enlarged interhyoideus muscles that attach to enlarged and elongated retroarticular processes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory organ that originates from a foramen in the skull, between the eye and nostril. Tactile and chemoreception. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tentacle can be inserted into chamber, sedentary odorant molecules can be sensed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified intromittant organ in Caecilians. Extension of cloacal wall for sperm transfer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Young hatch in oviducts and develop there. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used by caecilian fetuses to scrape food off oviducal lining. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Earliest known/most primitive amniote. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No cranial fenestrae. Turtles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single cranial fenestrae. Mammals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two cranial fenestrae. Snakes and lizards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amnion, Chorion, Allantois, Yolk Sac. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thicker, many layered epidermis. Keratin cornified. Scales. Few skin glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thickenings in the integument that are particularly dense and highly waterproofed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pliable and supple, found in reptile skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tough and hard, found in reptile scales. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower layer of epidermis which produces upper layers by mitosis. |
|
|
Term
| Turtle/Crocodilian Shedding |
|
Definition
| Continuous mitosis produces epidermis from below, shed from above in small patches. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outer & inner generation. Outer shed and replaced by inner. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lepidosauria, Archosauria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have transverse cloacal opening, periodic ecdysis, and the presence of autotomy planes in the tail.
planes in the tail (at least in the
primitive members of the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Longitudinally oriented cloacal opening, continuous ecdysis, and a lack of autotomy planes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skin is shed continuously in small clumps. |
|
|
