Term
|
Definition
| squamates. Lizards and snakes. Body covered with horny epidermal scales or plates that are molted periodically. Cloaca is a transversal fissure. Comprises 95% of living reptiles. Thirty-eight families and some 6,600 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Within Order Squamata. amphisbaenids, anguimorph lizards, geckos, true lizards, and snakes. 35 families. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amphisbaenids. Cylindric and slender body, lacking limbs or at least the hind ones. Loose skin surrounding the body, covered with ring scales. Head protected by scutes, sometimes fused. Eyes hidden below skin. One lung. They show tail autotomy. Burrowers. Tropical Africa and America, Arabia, Morocco, and Iberian Peninsula. Four families and 143 species. Amphisbaenidae, Bipedidae, Rhineuridae, Trogonophidae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Europe, Africa, and America. 120 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forelimbs present. Mexico. Three species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subterranean. Many reptiles are shelterers and crepuscular. Holes crevices and litter have stable and protective environments. Snakes ancestors were fossorial that lost their vision and reevolved. |
|
|
Term
| What is an amphisbaenian? |
|
Definition
1) Called worm or annulate lizards.
2) Most forms have completely lost their limbs (pectoral and pelvic girdles are highly vestigial)
3) Right lung reduced or absent
4) Much enlarged and medial premaxillary tooth
5) Heavily ossified and robust skull with a marked caniofacial angle
6. Uniquely enlarged stapes and other modifications of the middle ear
7. Heavy premaxilla with a prominent facial process, a relatively low number of very large teeth, and a brain case completely surrounded by frontal bones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Family Bipedidae. Two forelimbs. |
|
|
Term
| Genera within the Family Amphisbaenidae |
|
Definition
| Amphisbaena, Blanus, Monopeltis, Anops |
|
|
Term
| Genera within Family Rhineuridae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Within Family Amphisbaenidae |
|
|
Term
| Different depths, different colors |
|
Definition
| Agamodon anguliceps vs. Agamodon compressus. Two sympatric species of Agamodon occur in Somalia. A. anguliceps occurs in the immediate sub-surface region and shows dark brown blotches on a bright yellow background. A. compressus is found a meter deep or more and lacks all dermal pigment, and living individuals appear pink from the color of underlying blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anops kingii alternately involves the left or right half of the muscular mass. Monopeltis capensis involves the enormous dorsal head muscles of both sides, transmitting their forces via the dorsal head tendon. |
|
|
Term
| Teeth Impact on food in Amphisbaenians |
|
Definition
| The jaw joint lies below the contact lin which causes the dentary teeth to approach the maxillary ones with a backward as well as upward motion. The action traps the prey and provides further shearing forces, thus cutting the chitinous armor of small arthropods. |
|
|
Term
| Occlusion of the Amphisbaenian Bite |
|
Definition
| Teeth of the upper and lower jaws interlock so that a twisting of the head will cause the prey to shear along the line of the bite. |
|
|
Term
| Hyoid bone adaptation in Amphisbaenians |
|
Definition
Bipes species retain the epihyal horns of the hyoid but lacks the extracolumella.
Amphisbaena and most other genera the epihyal wing has become separated from the hyoid. Attached to the stapedial bone of the middle ear, it is now called an extracolumella and its connection produces a sensitive zone on the side of the face. |
|
|
Term
| Position of the Extracolumella |
|
Definition
| The cartilaginous extracolumella in Amphisbaena caeca and the bony extracolumella in Diplometopon zarudnyi provides the major linkage from the sound-receiving surface to the middle ear. |
|
|
Term
| Motility of the Amphisbaenian Skin |
|
Definition
| Results from the stretching and narrowing of the annuli rings. The intrinsic dermal muscles run from raphe to raphe and their contraction shortens the dermal tube but lacks power to propel the animal. Propulsion occurs by contraction of the muscular connections between locally fixed skin and the ribs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different regions included the penetration zone, annulation zone, and transition zone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Segmentation pattern also called the Enlargement Zone which reflects the friction-reducing fusion of the head segments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Segmentation pattern in between Penetration and Annulation that allows some flexibility, permitting the mouth to open and the head to swing on the head joint. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Segmentation pattern that shows the regular pattern of body annuli useful in locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constriction occurs at which the bones, blood vessels, and skin separate easily when grabbed by a predator. Connective tissue septa close off the stump so that it will not bleed and will heal rapidly, with the scales growing medially to dover the caudal tip. Tail does not regenerate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Squamates. Lizards and snakes. Body covered with horny epidermal scales or plates that are moulted periodicaly. Cloaca is a transversal rissure. Comprises 95% of living reptiles. 38 families and some 6,600 species. 2 suborders (Iguania and Scleroglossa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iguanas, chameleons, and agamas. Short body, four well-developed limbs. Sharp vision. Large tongue. Eyelids and external auditive holes. 3 families (Iguanidae, Agaminae, and Chamaeleonidae) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iguanas. Pleurodont tooth structure. America, Pacific islands and Madagascar. 54 genera 550 species. 8 noted subfamiles. |
|
|
Term
| Pleurodont tooth structure |
|
Definition
| teeth without alveoli, on the inner side of the jaw bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suborder Iguania. Family Iguanidae. Basilisks and crested iguanas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suborder Iguania. Family Iguanidae. Collared lizards and leopard lizards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suborder Iguania. Family Iguanidae. Spiny tail lizards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suborder Iguania. Family Iguanidae. Herbivores. Includes the common or green iguana (Iguana iguana) from CA and SA and the Galapagos giant iguanas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suborder Iguania. Family Iguanidae. Madagascar iguanas |
|
|
Term
| Subfamily Phrynosomatinae |
|
Definition
| Suborder Iguania. Family Iguanidae. Horned lizards, tree lizards, sand lizards, and spiny lizards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suborder Iguania. Family Iguanidae. Anoles. Comprises half of all iguanids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suborder Iguania. Family Iguanidae. Anoles. Comprises half of all iguanids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suborder Iguania. Family Iguanidae. Curly-tailed lizards, lava lizards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agamas. Acrodont tooth structure. Mainly oviparous. Tail autotomy is absent. Old World tropical regions, except isles. 40 genera, 325 species. Two subfamilies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suborder Iguania. Family Agamidae. Butterfly runners and spiny-tail lizards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chameleons. Prehensile tail lacking autotomy. Bulbous eyes that move independently. Digits partially fused and opposable. Long protractile tongue, used for capturing prey. Acrodont tooth structure. Color change for camouflage. Af, Iberian Peninsula, and South Asia. 6 genera, 128 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amphisbaenids, anguimorph lizards, geckos, true lizards, and snakes. 35 families. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amphisbaenids. Cylindric and slender body, lacking limbs or at least the hind ones. Loose skin surrounding the body, covered with ring scales. Head protected by scutes, sometimes fused. Eyes hidden below skin. One lung. They show tail autotomy. Burrowers. Tropical Africa and America, Arabia, Morocco, and Iberian Peninsula. Four families and 143 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata, Suborder Scleroglossa, Parvorder Amphisbaenia. Found in Europe, Af, and America. 120 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata, Suborder Scleroglossa, Parvorder Amphisbaenia. forelimbs present. Mexico. 3 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata, Suborder Scleroglossa, Parvorder Amphisbaenia. Found in florida. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata, Suborder Scleroglossa, Parvorder Amphisbaenia. Found in Africa and Arabia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata, Suborder Scleroglossa. Anguimorph lizards, monitors, dragons, and Gila monsters. Six families and 131 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anguids. Mainly in northern hemisphere. 90 species. Four subfamilies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Parvorder Anguimorpha. Glass lizards. Apods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Parvorder Anguimorpha. California apod lizards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Parvorder Anguimorpha. Family Anguidae. Alligator lizards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Parvorder Anguimorpha. Family Anguidae. Four-legged snake, galliwasps. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Parvorder Anguimorpha. Bearded lizards. Two species.
Heloderma horridum (Mexican beaded lizard)
Heloderma suspectum (Gila monster) The only venomous lizards. Mexico and USA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Parvorder Anguimorpha. One species.
Lanthanotus borneensis (Borneo earless lizards) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Parvorder Anguimorpha. One species. Shinisaurus crocodilurus (crocodile lizard) China. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Parvorder Anguimorpha. Monitors and dragons. Af, Asia, OZ. 34 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Parvorder Anguimorpha. Knotted scales lizards. Mexico and Guatemala. 3 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamasa. Suborder Scleroglossa. Big eyes lacking mobile eyelids, protected by a lens. Cloacal sacs. Despite morphological differences among families, they share a common bone structure. Mainly nocturnal. 3 families and nearly 1000 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Gekkota. Primitive. Mobile eyelids and feet without lamellae. CA and NA, Af, and Asia. 22 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Gekkota. Geckos. Well-developed limbs. Feet with lamellae supported by climging pads or scansors. Nocturnal. Worldwide except Antarctica. Nine-hundred species. |
|
|
Term
| Subfamily Diplodactylinae |
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Gekkota. Family Gekkonidae. Split scansors. OZ and NZ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Inraorder Gekkota. Family Gekkonidae. Largest group. Worldwide except NZ. Includes the common gecko. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Gekkota. Forelimbs absent and hindlimbs reduced with layers of loose skin. Slender body resembling snakes. No mobile eyelids. OZ. 36 species. |
|
|
Term
| Hydrogen bonds and other van der Waals forces |
|
Definition
| Weak electrostatic forces are approximately 5% as strong as covalent bonds. Useful in establishing links among dipole molecules or among distant parts of a very large molecule, or for geckos to cling to virtually any surface. Often, large 3D molecules are held together by a large number of hydrogen bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Nearly half of all lizard species. Pleurodont tooth structure. Lower hemi-jaws fused. 7 families and 1800 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Scincomorpha. Rock flat lizards. S Af eel lizards, shell lizards. Hard shell with ostheoderms. Af and Madagascar. 60 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Scincomorpha. Small burrowers with reduced limbs. SE Asia, isles of OZ and Mexico. 11 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Scincomorpha. Central and SA. 130 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Scincomorpha. Old World 'true' lizards. Well developed legs, small dorsal scales, big ventral and head scales. Eurasia and Af, specially in the Mediterranean region. 200 sp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Scincomorpha. Trend towards limb reduction. Usually smooth imbricated scales giving them a fish like aspect. Worldwide. 1,300 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Scincomorpha. Equivalent to Lacertids in the New World. 100 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Scincomorpha. Night lizards (some active by day) America. 19 species. |
|
|
Term
| Infraorder Serpentes (Ophidia) |
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Snakes. Long and slender body lacking limbs. No external ears. Lower jaws linked by ligaments, which together with a flexible skull structure allows them to swallow large prey. Eyes without eyelids, covered with a membrane. Bifid protractile tongue with olfactory functions. Conical teeth on jaws and palate. Worldwide except polar regions. 15 families and 2,500 species. |
|
|
Term
| Superfamily Acrochordoidea |
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. 1 family. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Superfamily Acrochordoidea. Wart snakes. Aquatic, freshwater or sea water. Warty scles, no ventral scutes. Loose skin, body flattened dorsoventrally. Constrictors. SE Asia and OZ. 3 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Vestigial hindlimbs. 7 families 60 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Booidea. New World boas. Viviparous and constrictors. The SA anaconda (Eunectes murinus) may measure up to 10 m. There are also Old World species, like sand boas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Booidea. False coral snakes. Burrowers. Fused skull bones. Northern SA and SE Asia. 9 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Small constrictors. Only on one island of the Indian Ocean. 2 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Booidea. 1 species. Semi-burrower. CA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Booidea. Old World pythons. Oviparous. Constrictors. The Asian reticulate python measures up to 10 m. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Booidea. Shield-tailed snakes. Burrowers. Fused skull bones. Asia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. urrowing asps. Af and Middle East. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Colubrid snakes. Includes most of the snakes. In general non-poisonous; the poisonous ones have opistoglyph teeth. Flexible skull pelvic waist absent. Wolrdwide except Antarctica. 1600. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Colubridae. Large and diverse group. Includes harmless and opistoglyph species. Af and Madagascar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Colubridae. East Asia dwarf snakes. Feed on invertebrates. 80 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Colubridae. Very diverse and extended. Includes harmless snakes and opistoglyph snakes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Colubridae. Aquatic, opistoglyph. They feed on fish or crustaceans. Asia and OZ. 40 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Colubridae. Diverse group. Includes the European collared water snake, water snakes and knotted snakes. All the New World species are viviparous. NA, Europe, and Asia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Colubridae. Feed on snails. SE Asia, CA, and SA. |
|
|
Term
| Subfamily Pseudoxenodontinae |
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Colubridae. Small or medium-sized. They feed on frogs and toads. Asia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Colubridae. Proturberant snout scales. India and SE Asia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Colubridae. Includes, among others the NA hognose snakes. America (inc West Indies and Galapagos) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Death feigning also performed by Natrix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata, Suborder Scleroglossa, Infraorder Serpentes, Superfamily Colubroidea. Cobras, mambas, taipans, coral snakes, and sea snakes. Highly poisonous. Proteroglyph teeth. Most of them feed on ectothermic animals. terrestrial or marine. Distributed worldwide warm regions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Elapidae. Australasian elapids. Includes species that have undergone convergent evolution with vipers or colubrids. Death adders, taipans, shield snakes, Australian copperhead, island tiger snakes, eastern brown snake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Elapidae. Terrestrial kraits, water cobras. Af and Asia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Elapidae. Asian and African cobras, African mambas, ringhal, American coral snakes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Elapidae. "true" sea snakes. Body flattened laterally. Viviparous and fully aquatic. They live in shallow waters, except the yellow-bellied sea snake, which is pelagic. Indian and Pacific Oceans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Elapidae. Sea kraits and broad-tailed sea snakes. Cylindrical, with a flattened tail. Aquatic, but they reproduce and rest at the shores. Oviparous. Indian and Pacific Oceans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Family Elapidae. Semiaquatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red/Yellow/Black Aposematic coloration and Mimicry |
|
Definition
| Micrurus fulvius fulvius, Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides, Cemophora coccinea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Colubroidea. Typical vipers. From the coldest regions to the tropics. Europe, Af, and Asia. 60 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Worm snakes. Flat snout, cylindrical body, rudimentary eyes. Burrowers. Non-poisonous. They feed on invertebrates. 3 families. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Typhlopoidea. Blind worm snakes. Central and SA. 20 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Typhlopoidea. Slender blind snakes. Am, Af, Arabia and Pakistan. 64 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Typhlopoidea. Blind snakes. Af, Asia, OZ, and CA. 150 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Order Squamata. Suborder Scleroglossa. Infraorder Serpentes. Superfamily Typhlopoidea. Family Typhlopidae. Flowerpot snake. Present throughout world. |
|
|
Term
| Conclusions from Thermoregulation of European vipers (Vipera aspid and V. latastei) |
|
Definition
| Females were more thermophilic and accurate than males. Intermediate females were the most thermophilic and the least effective thermoregulators. V. latastei females were the least thermophilic and the more effective thermoregulators. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superorder Archosauria. Crocodilians. Long body covered with epidermal horny scales and bony plates. Vertebrae concave at the fore end. Elongated snout, powerful jaws and sharp teeth. Oviparous. Heart with four chambers (incomplete ventricular septa in the rest of reptiles) Semi-aquatic life. Ectotherms. Cloaca is a longitudinal fissure. Found mainly in the tropics. America, Af, S Asia, and OZ. 3 families and 23 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superorder Archosauria. Order Crocodylia. Caimans, alligators, and jacare. The lower jaw teeth fit into cavities in the upper jaw (invisible with jaws shut). Ventral scales lack sensorial pits. Am and Asia. 4 genera, 8 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superorder Archosauria. Order Crocodylla. Crocodiles. At least one tooth in the lower jaw is always visible. Ventral scales with sensorial pits (a spot in the center of each scale). Narrow snout. Widely distributed throughout tropical regions. 2 genera. 13 species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superorder Archosauria. Order Crocodylia. Gharials. Snout very narrow, adapted to a piscivorous diet. 2 genera, 2 species. |
|
|
Term
| Unique Crocodilian Features |
|
Definition
Intensive parental care
Analogous diaphragm
4 chambered heart
gait
vocalization |
|
|
