Term
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Definition
| Anthracosaur (Gephyrostega) |
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Term
| Joggins Formation - Nova Scotia |
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Definition
| Earliest amniote fossils. Hylonomus. |
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Term
| Amniote Skin vs. Amphibian |
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Definition
| Thicker, many-layered, keratin cornified epidermis, thickening in integuments called scales, few skin glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where upper epidermal layers are produced by mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two distinct layers, outer & inner generation. Outer shed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Araeoscelis, split into Lepidosaurs and Archosaurs. |
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Term
| Archosaur Characteristics |
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Definition
| Longitudinal cloaca, continuous ecdysis, no autotomy plates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bony shell, toothless beak, limb girdles w/in rib cage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most primitive turtles, retain mesoplastron, pelvic girdle fused to plastron, adductor muscles pass over pterygoid pulley, gondwanan in distribution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack mesoplastron, pelvic girdle free, otic capsule pulley, laurasian distribution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terrestrial males larger, longer tails, cloacal opening exceeds the posterior rim of carapace on extended tail, concave plastron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Face stroking with claws, headbobbing and shell nudging. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nest construction, body pit and egg chamber, concealment of nest. |
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Term
| Genetic Sex Determination (GSD) |
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Definition
| XX/XY (male heterogamete), ZZ/ZW (female heterogamete) |
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Term
| Temperature Dependent Sex Determination |
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Definition
| Homomorphic chromosomes, occurs in turtles, lizards, crocodiles, transition zone of temps determines sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single transition zone, lower temps male. Emydine turtles. |
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Term
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Definition
| One transition zone, higher temps male. Lizards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two transition zones, females at extreme temps. Crocodiles, Chelydrids, Kinosternids, Pleurodires, lizards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crocodylus johnstoni, Macroclemmys temminckii produce males at any temp. |
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Term
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome |
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Definition
| Females develop with no ovaries or uterus, undescended testes. |
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Term
| Female Offspring Development |
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Definition
| Aromatase produced, converts testosterone into estradiol, converts gonads into ovaries, etc. |
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Term
| Male Offspring Development |
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Definition
| 5a reductase produced, converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, converts gonads into testes. |
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Term
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Definition
| More females produced because they have lower survival rate, ratio evens out over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slender-snouted crocodilians. India rivers. Prey on fish, avoid humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tuataras, primitive lepidosaurs, New Zealand. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two temporal fenestrae and arches, teeth on palatine bones, acrodont/heterodont dentition, anterior teeth replaced by beak-like structure, limited tooth replacement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shallow, paired cloaca outpocketings, amphicoelous vertebrae, autotomy planes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sit on top of palatine bone. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple "types" of teeth (molars, canines, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Females store sperm 10-12 months, mate once/4 years after age of 20, 5 to 15 eggs, 11 to 16 month incubation, 50 year lifespan, TDSD |
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Term
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Definition
| Most closely related to snakes, includes varanids and helodermatids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Limbless, no external ears, no eyelids, no upper/lower temporal arches, accessory articular surfaces on vertebrae. |
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Term
| Vestigial Snake Hind Limbs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| External hemipenes groove used to transfer sperm. |
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Term
| Exclusively Viviparous Squamates |
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Definition
| Xenosauridae, Xantusiidae, Aniliidae, Uropeltidae, Acrochordidae, Tropidophiidae. |
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Term
| Lizard Ecological Categories |
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Definition
| Arboreal, Terrestrial heliophilic, Terrestrial secretive, Fossorial. |
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Term
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Definition
| Laterally compressed bodies, strong claws for scansorial movement, spines to make more cryptic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bask in open, cryptic, keeping near cover object (Phrynosomatidae), some very fast (Teids and Lacertids). |
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Term
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Definition
| Hide under cover object to warm body (Skinks, Xantusiids, Anguids). |
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Term
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Definition
| Burrowing, reduction of limbs, elongation of body (Skinks, Anguids, Amphisbaenians). |
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Term
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Definition
| Anguids, Microteiids, Cordylids, Gerrhosaurids, Pygopodidae. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Allows tongue muscle cells to extend beyond normal limits. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Corythophanes cristatus. Take only very large prey items. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gila monsters/beaded lizards. Use neurotoxin venom in grooves of teeth. Feed on eggs and nestlings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Preying on hard-shelled animals/plant parts. Molariform teeth. Dracaena, Tiliqua, Varanus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large iguanids, teiids, varanids. |
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Term
| Blood Squirting from Eyes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cretaceous - Dinilysia, Pachyrhachis problematicus, Lapparentophis, Pouitella pervetus. |
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Term
| Snake Evolution Hypothesis I |
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Definition
| Aquatic ancestors, Aigialosaurs, Mososaurs |
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Term
| Snake Evolution Hypothesis II |
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Definition
| Grass-dwelling ancestor, limbless skinks and anguids. |
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Term
| Snake Evolution Hypothesis III |
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Definition
| Fossorial ancestor, de/regeneration of eye, loss of ear and limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elongation of squamosal, quadrate (posteriorly sloping), mandible. Moveable squamosal joint. Loss of mandibular symphysis. Dentaries contected to lose distensible fascia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primitive snakes. Reduced gape/shortened mandible. Large number of small prey. |
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Term
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Definition
| Advdanced. Enlarged gape, large prey, infrequent feeding. Mandible may be longer than skull. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mandible about as long as skull, feed on elongate prey. |
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Term
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Definition
| Six moveable skull parts: braincase, 2 palato-maxillary arches, nasal unit, 2 mandibles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Palato-maxillary arches and mandibles used to walk prey item into gullet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strike, roll, apply pressure, loosen coils to test, release, head search, deglutition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemoreception, vomeronasal Jacobson's Organ, |
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Term
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Definition
| Infrared sensitive pits, crotalids, boids, pythonids. Thin membrane innervated with bare nerve endings, Trigeminal nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generalists that feed on wide variety of prey. Coluber - large insects, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly specialized predators. Heterodon - toads. Opheodrys - soft-bodied insects. Stenorhina - Scorpions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Advanced snakes that lack pelvic girdle, premaxillary teeth, left lung. Colubridae, Viperidae, Elapidae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple, elongate maxillae w/ many simple recurved teeth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Snakes with no specialized teeth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rear fanged, with enlarged, grooved posterior teeth on the maxilla that can conduct venom into a bite wound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maxilla is somewhat shortened, and armed anteriorly with two short, fixed fangs. proteroglyphous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hole in fang where venom is released. |
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Term
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Definition
| maxilla is even more foreshortened, with space only for two anterior fangs. solenoglyphous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sideneck, pelvic girdle fused to plastron, pterygoid adductor pulley, mesoplastra, gondwanan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Semiaquatic freshwater turtles, moderately emarginate skull, arched carapace, hind feet webbed, mesoplastra Africa/Madagascar/Seychelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hind feet webbed, semiaquatic freshwater, mesoplastra, Northern South America/Madagascar. |
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Term
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Definition
| Semiaquatic freshwater, skull slightly emarginate, quadratojugal absent, incomplete temporal arcade, no mesoplastra, loss of neural elements, hind feet webbed, South America, Australo-papuan region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hidden-necked, otic capsule adductor pulley, pelvic girdle free, no mesoplastra, Laurasian. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aquatic freshwater turtles w/ large heads, temporal roofed over, frontal excluded from orbit, webbed clawed toes, large scales/tubercles on tail, N.A., C/S America, S. China/Asia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aquatic freshwater, elongate skull, reduced frontals, flattened/domed carapace, reduced plastron, short tail, N.A. C/S America. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large aquatic freshwater, tubular snout, developed/hingeless plastron, fringe of enlarged scales on limbs, S. Mexico, nothern C. America. |
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Term
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Definition
| Med. to large aquatic freshwater, elongate snout/tubular proboscis, leathery skin carapace, no epidermal scutes, reduced # of claws, N.A., Africa, Asia, Indoaustralian. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large aquatic freshwater, short thick tubular proboscis snout, plastron/carapace covered by skin, paddle flippers, Papua New Guinea/Australia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marine turtles, oval/heartshaped carapace, developed plastron, paddle flippers. Tropical/temperate oceans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enormous marine, cusp on maxillary beak, leathery skin, paddle flippers, temperate/tropical seas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Semiaquatic/terrestrial, basioccipital narrow, angular in contact w/ meckel's cartilage, Canada, S.A. Europe, Africa, Middle-East. |
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Term
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Definition
| Semiaquatic to terrestrial, angular seperated from meckel's cartilage, broad basioccipital, Africa, Asia, Japana, C.A./Mexico/S.A. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terrestrial, elephantine hind limb. U.S., Mexico, S.A., Africa, Europe, Middle-East, Asia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maxilla dentigerous, left lung absent, vestigial pelvic girdle, Pantropical. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mandible dentigerous, vestigial pelvic girdle, Neotropics, Africa/Middle East. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small eyes, independent spectacle scale, coronoid bone absent, premaxillary teeth, pelvic girdle absent. SE Asia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reduced, sunken eyes, no spectacle, pelvic rudiments w/ spurs. S. Mexico. |
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Term
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Definition
| Premaxillary teeth, coronoid on lower jaw, pelvic rudiments w/ spurs, pit organ, small irregular head scutes, Africa, Asia, Australia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Premax. absent, pelvic rudiments, left and right lungs well developed, Neotropics, Madagascar, U.S., Mexico, Africa, Middle-East to India. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terrestrial lizard eaters, reduced coronoid, premax. absent, left lung absent, hypapohyses developed, enlarged head scales, West Indies, C/S America. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aquatic fish-eating, small irregular head scales, dorsal eye placement, flaps on nostrils, India, S/E Asia, N. Australia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heavy bodies/broad heads, large prey, haematoxic venom, vertically eliptical pupil, solenoglyphous. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Diverse, entirely venomous, neurotoxic, proteroglyphous |
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Term
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Definition
| Well developed limbs and tails, dorsal spiny crest, herbivorous, arboreal/marine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short-bodied/tailed, imbricate spiny scale coat, broad short head. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elongate/narrow heads, long/thing tails, granular scales, lamellar toe pads, prehensile tails. |
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Term
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Definition
| short/broad heads, long tails, long hind limbs, large insects/small vertebrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crested/casqued heads, long limbs/tails, pleurodont, omnivorous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fleshy non-retractile tongues, acrodont teeth, lack osteoderms, well developed limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fleshy extensile tongues, zygodactyl feet, prehensile tails, protuberant eyes, neck frill. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short fleshy tongue, toepads, pleurodont dentition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fast, streamlined, forked tongues, well developed eyes/eyelids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Streamlined, short limbed/limbless w/ forked tongue. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Small, lidless eyes w/ vertical pupils, short tongue, well developed limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large imbricate cycloid or rhomboid scales, well developed osteoderms, keratinized scaly tongue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Whorls of spiny/keeled scales, keratinized tongue, flattened, nearly limbles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transverse rows of large scales, longitudinal fold in body armor, keratinized tongue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slightly forked, elongate tongue, well developed eyes, well developed osteoderms underlying large scales, lateral fold. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small osteoderms surrounded by smaller scales. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large, bead scales, venomous, strong limbs, forked tongue, grooved teeth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elongate neck, strong limbs, powerful tail, forked tongue, fast. |
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