Term
| What was the vision that Constantine had? |
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Definition
| A cross of light upon the sun and words |
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Term
| What were the words Constantine saw in the sky? |
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Definition
| By this you shall conquer |
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Term
| What was Constantine's nighttime dream? |
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Definition
| Christ appeared with a symbol in hand, commanded that a copy be used as his standard in battle |
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Term
| What was the symbol that appeared to Constantine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 5 things did Constantine do for Christianity? |
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Definition
1.All confiscated property returned to churches
2.Supported Christianity from public funds, active patronage
3.Christian worship was vital to well-being of empire
4.Judicial authority given to bishops, including manumission of slaves
5.Building church structures |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Christian worship under Constantine |
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Definition
| Priestly garments, incense, and processions |
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Term
| What did Constantine make an imperial holiday? |
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Definition
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Term
| Church membership was influenced by...(under Constantine) |
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Definition
| Social and political factors |
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Term
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Definition
| imperial power and the church |
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Term
| Who was at the root of the Arian Controversy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
There was when the son was not
The Son has beginning but God is without beginning |
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Term
| What 3 things did Arius emphasize? |
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Definition
1.God by nature is perfect, immutable, impassible, and fixed
2.Since the Logos/son became human and died, the son is human and not truly/totally (ontologically or in substance) God
3.Implication for salvation: If Jesus is truly God, humanity cannoy emulate his faith
Humanity of Jesus is emphasized |
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Term
| What did Alexander of Alexandria reply to Arius? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were Alexander's 3 problems with Arius? |
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Definition
The traditional understanding of the divinity and eternity of the Logos was being denied
2.Monotheism is being denied
3.Salvation:if Jesus is not truly divine, humanity is not reconciled to God
Divinity of Jesus emphasized |
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Term
| What is Alexander's counter-argument? |
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Definition
| Arius himself was denying the immutability of God by declaring that God had not always been Father but only became so by creating Son |
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Term
| When was the first ecumenical council? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What was the first ecumenical council? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who called and presided over the Nicene Council? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What came out of the Nicene Council? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happened after Nicea? |
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Definition
| Arianism became more influential |
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Term
| Why did Arianism become more influential after the Council of Nicea? |
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Definition
| Constantine becomes persuaded by the Arian position, had a deathbed baptism by an Arian bishop |
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Term
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Definition
Bishop of Alexandria
Staunch defender of Nicene Creed
Exiled 5 times/17 years
Homoousios not homoiousios |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| On the Incarnation of the Word |
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Definition
| "Wonderful exchange" theory of salvation |
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Term
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Definition
Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa;
Friends and allies of Athanasius |
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Term
| Cappadocian Fathers Formulation of the Trinity |
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Definition
Distinction between ousia (substance) and hypostasis (substance/person)
One ousia, three hypostases |
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Term
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Definition
A rainbow, the sun and its rays/radiance;
A tree: roots, fruit, and trunk |
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Term
| Opposition to the teaching of Apollinarius |
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Definition
| Jesus is not truly/completely human, and if Christ is not human then humanity cannot be saved |
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Term
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Definition
"God in a bod"
Attempted to explain the how of the incarnation: Jesus Christ is both divine and human in the sense that his intellect and will were divine and his body was human |
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Term
| The Council of Constantinople |
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Definition
Reaffirmed the Nicene faith-the divinity of Jesus
Established the formal doctrine of the trinity
Rejected Apollinarianism, affirming the humanity of Jesus |
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Term
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Definition
| The council condemns Nestorius: Mary is theotokos |
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Term
| Nestorius of Constantinople |
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Definition
Mary should not be called theotokos (bearer of God), but Christotokos (bearer of Christ)
"Two natures and two persons"
Human nature and person of Jesus were son of Mary, divine nature and person were not |
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Term
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Definition
Mary should be called theotokos
Crtical of Nestorius' teaching of 2 persons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Those writings that function authoritatively for the faith and practice of a religious group but lack a formal and fixed number and collection |
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Term
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Definition
| A definitive fixed list of those scriptural texts |
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Term
| Formation of the New Testament |
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Definition
| Did not find closure until the 5th century CE |
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Term
| Development of New Testament described in terms of: (4 C's) |
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Definition
Composition
Circulation
Collection
Canon |
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Term
| The Collection of Early Christian Writings |
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Definition
1.Paul's letters
2.Four Gospel collection
3.The Catholic Epistles
4.Acts and Revelation |
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Term
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Definition
Ten-letter collection, later replaced by 13/14 letter collection in third century
Seven church composition |
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Term
| The four Gospel collection |
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Definition
| Came about near the middle of the second century |
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Term
| Two primary arrangements of Gospels |
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Definition
Matthew, Mark, Luke, John (Supposed chronology)
Matthew, John, Luke, Mark (Apostolic emphasis) |
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Term
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Definition
| The first known reference to something like a catholic collection came from Eusebius |
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Term
| Purpose of the Catholic Epistles |
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Definition
| To provide an apostolic balance to the Pauline collection; 7 epistles correlate to 7 churches |
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Term
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Definition
Neither emerged as a part of a collection, but Acts became associated with the Catholic Collection
Revelation was highly disputed, but widely used |
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Term
| When was Athanasius's Festal Letter 39 written? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the earliest canon list that corresponds with today's New Testament |
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Definition
| Athanasius' Festal Letter 39 |
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Term
| Influences in the formation of the NT Canon |
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Definition
Heterodox groups
The worshipping and teaching practice of the church
Theologians
Major church centers |
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Term
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Definition
| Marcion, gnostics, Montanists |
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Term
| What was the most important influence in forming the NT canon |
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Definition
| Worshipping and teaching of church--those writings that provided useful over long periods of time and across various regions of the church came to be known as authoritative |
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Term
| Major Church Centers (NT Canon) |
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Definition
| Rome, Alexandria, Antioch |
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Term
| Criteria in forming the NT Canon |
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Definition
Apostolicity
Universality
Traditional use |
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Term
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Definition
| Written by an apostle, written in or near the time of the apostles, being in agreement with apostolic teachings "rule of faith" |
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Term
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Definition
Catholicity
Relevant to the church across time and place |
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Term
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Definition
| The authority of a writing was related to its early and widespread use in the faith and practice of the church |
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Term
| Luther's New Testament and the Council of Trent |
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Definition
The NT canon was never officially defined, except for the Roman Catholic Church at the Council of Trent, and therefore in theory is not fixed
for Protestants, it remains formally open |
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Term
| What was Luther's criteria for the canon? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of some Christians withdrawing from society and living a simple and ascetic life |
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Term
| Impulses from within the Church for monasticism |
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Definition
Jesus tradition
Pauline tradition |
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Term
| Influences from outside the Church for monasticism |
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Definition
| Philosophical traditions-perfecting the soul and subjugating bodily passions |
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Term
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Definition
Impulses within church
influences outside church
Constantinian Christianity |
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Term
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Definition
| Greek "monachos" meaning solitary |
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Term
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Definition
Fled to Egyptian desert to escape persecution
Resided in cave
Spent rest of life in prayer eating dates |
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Term
| Who was Paul the Hermit's biographer |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who was Anthony's biographer |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
Inherited parents' wealth
responded to gospel story (sell what you have and give to poor Matthew)
learned monastic life
Retreated to cemetery, ate bread, visions of attacking demons
Vision of god, retreated further
Other monks sought help, retreated further
Agreed to live near group of disciples |
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Term
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Definition
Communal monasticism
desire to learn from a spiritual master |
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Term
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Definition
Roman soldier
retreated after baptism
vision to serve humankind
established 9 communities |
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Term
| Who was the most influential in the development and organization of communal monasticism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Work and devotion and mutual service
Hierarchal order-superiors called "abbots" |
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Term
| Where does the word chapel come from? |
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Definition
| Martin's dream about Jesus saying "inasmuch as you did it to one of the least of my bretheren, you did it to me." |
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Term
| The transformation of monasticism |
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Definition
| From withdrawal from the world to an instrument for charitable and missionary work for the church |
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Term
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Definition
Discipline but not harshness
Performance and obedience
Service oriented
Work and worship |
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Term
| The church of Hagia Sophia |
|
Definition
| The symbol and center of eastern Christianity |
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Term
| Who built the Hagia Sophia? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What did John Chrysostom call for? |
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Definition
| Ecclesiastical reform, imperial justice |
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Term
| What was John Chrysostom's legacy? |
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Definition
| Considered a hero of the faith in Eastern CHristianity; paradigm of the true theologian, one who preaches and prays well, not one who writes theology |
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Term
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Definition
| Pictures of Christ and saints used as focal points of mediation and prayer in worship |
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Term
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Definition
| Violates biblical prohibition about graven images and represents Jesus' humanity and rejects his divinity |
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Term
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Definition
| Defender of icons, they testify to the incarnation |
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Term
| Icons were _____ for the illiterate |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Use of icons affirmed, images restored |
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Term
| Late 8th cent/early 9th cent, which two traditions were developing in Christianity? |
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Definition
Political
Cultural/language |
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Term
| When did the East and West excommunicate each other? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What did the west believe about the pope? |
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Definition
| Peter is the rock/pope has primacy over all the church |
|
|
Term
| What did the east believe about the pope? |
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Definition
| Peter's faith is the rock/pope is first among equals |
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Term
| Manichaeism two eternal principles |
|
Definition
Goodness/light=spiritual
evil/darkness=matter |
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Term
| Augustine's answer to manichaeism |
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Definition
God is infinite, absolute, and good
Evil cannot be eternal, it is a corruption of goodness
everything God creates is good, can be corrupted |
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Term
| Augustine-is God responsible for evil? |
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Definition
| No; evil is not a substance/nature/thing, but the corruption of the good God has created |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outward expressions of an inward reality |
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Term
| What did the Donatists emphasize? |
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Definition
| Moral and ecclesiastical purity, believed clergy were immoral |
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|
Term
| What did the Donatists have a problem with? |
|
Definition
| Legitimacy of the sacraments because of the unworthy ministers |
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Term
| Augustine's response to Donatists |
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Definition
| Sacraments convey grace by virtue of the act itself, legitimacy rests in Christ who is without sin, priests are just agents, priests must be ordained |
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Term
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Definition
| Humanity sins because we freely and willfully sin; no genetic sin; a Christian should try to live a sinless life, God assists us through laws and conscience |
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Term
| Augustine's response to Pelagius |
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Definition
Two basic beliefs: total depravity of humanity and total power and sovereignty of God, original sin--we are born corrupted because of Adam
Sufficiency of God's grace |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Gregory the Great Political/civil |
|
Definition
| Repaired aquaducts and defenses of the city, organized distribution of food |
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Term
| Gregory the Great Religious |
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Definition
Wrote the Pastoral Rule, set forth standard of behavior for bishops
Sacrament of penance and the doctrine of purgatory |
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Term
|
Definition
| Crowning of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Empire |
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Term
|
Definition
Pope Innocent III-Vicar of Christ
Boniface-Unam Sanctum all earthly power must be subject to the pope |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Baptism
Eucharist
Confirmation
Penance-contrition, confession, and satisfice
Unction-anointing with oil
Holy Orders (priest/nun/bishop)
Matrimony |
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Term
|
Definition
Founded by St. Francis of Assisi
Poverty and preaching-not in solitude |
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Term
|
Definition
Founded by St. Dominic
Preaching, teaching, studying, and poverty were main functions of refuting heresy |
|
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Term
| Two main centers of Dominicans |
|
Definition
| Universities of Paris and Oxford |
|
|
Term
| Where did theology develop |
|
Definition
| In the "schools" of cathedrals and universities |
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Term
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Definition
1) Begin with a question
2) Present positions according to earlier authorities
3) Come to a concluding answer according to logic
Relationship between faith and reason |
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|
Term
| Anselm's argument for existence of God |
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Definition
| Ontological-God is "that-which-no-greater-thought-can-be-thought" |
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Term
|
Definition
The severity of a crime is measured in terms of the one whom it is committed
Only a human can offer satisfaction for human sin |
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Term
| What is the solution for the theory of atonement |
|
Definition
| Divine-human God incarnate |
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|
Term
| Who was Thomas Aquinas influenced by |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Five arguments for the existence of God |
|
Definition
God as prime Mover
God as first cause
God as Perfect
God as Designer (teleological argument |
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|
Term
| Aquinas view of faith and reason |
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Definition
| Separate spheres but are complementary |
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Term
|
Definition
The experience of direct encounter with God or Christ; an experience of unity with the divine
Facilitated by prayer, meditation |
|
|
Term
| How is mysticism experienced? |
|
Definition
| Trances, visions, and auditions |
|
|
Term
| Western Christianity Theology |
|
Definition
| A reflection upon external authorities such as scripture, creeds, and canonical law |
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Term
| Western Christianity Salvation |
|
Definition
| Judicial as God's legal favor or judgment upon human souls |
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Term
| Eastern Christianity Theology |
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Definition
| Reflection upon the liturgy, including scriptures and creeds, but liturgy (worship of the church) provides the all-encompassing articulation |
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Term
| Eastern Christianity Salvation |
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Definition
| Deification terms as God re-uniting humanity to Godself |
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