Term
| Name some S&S of hepatic diseases |
|
Definition
-GI symptoms
-Right upper ab pain
-Jaundice
-Dark Urine
-Light or clay colored feces
-Edema/ascites |
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|
Term
| An acute or chronic inflammation of the liver |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are 5 causes of hepatitis? |
|
Definition
-Viral
-Alcoholic
-Chemical/drug/toxic
-Autoimmune
-Idiopathic |
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Term
| Name the 5 types of viral hepatitis. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Name 2 ways to prevent viral hepatitis. |
|
Definition
-Perform universal precaution
-Immunization |
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Term
| This viral hepatitis occurs in less than 30,000 cases reported to CDC in 2000; reduced incidence with introduction of the vaccine. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This viral hepatitis results in acute infection only. It does not progress to chronic or cirrhosis. There is a small risk of fulminant hepatitis and there is lifetime immunity. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How can hepatitis A be transferred? |
|
Definition
Fecal-oral route:
Spread by feces, saliva, and contaminated food and water |
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Term
| Name 7 risk factors for contracting hepatitis A. |
|
Definition
1. Household contacts or sexual contacts with infected persons
2. Unprotected homo/bisexual activity
3. Injection/non-injection illegal drug users
4. Living in areas with increased incidence rates (kids at biggest risk)
5. Travel to areas where it is epidemic
6. Tattoo incription or removal; body or ear piercing with unsterile needles
7. Blood cloothing factor disorder |
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|
Term
| Name 2 treatments for hepatitis A |
|
Definition
-Immune globulin before or within 2 weeks of exposure
- Supportive; most ppl recover within 6 to 10 weeks |
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|
Term
| How can hepatitis A be diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Blood test to identify antibody; anti-HAV; IgM |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine available for hepatitis A? |
|
Definition
| Yes, combined HAV and HBV vaccine available (Twinrix) |
|
|
Term
| This viral hepatitis has a reduced incidence; 150,000 new acute cases in US; 1 million carriers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis and liver cancer; second major cause of cirrhosis in the US after alcohol abuse |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Name 4 ways Hepatitis B can be transmitted. |
|
Definition
1. Parenteral
2. Sexual contact
3. Vertical
4. Unidentified exposure |
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|
Term
| Name 10 risk factors for Hepatitis B. |
|
Definition
1. Injection drug use
2. Unprotected homo/bisexual activity
3. Incarceration in correctional facilities
4. Certain ethnic groups from areas such as asia, south america, mexico, etc
5. Travel to high risk areas
6. Occupational risk (morticians, dental workers, health care workers, etc)
7. Liver transplant recipient
8. Infants born to mothers with HBV
9. Multiple blood product or blood transfusion before July 1992
10. Immunocompromised ppl; recieving/administering chronic kidney dialysis |
|
|
Term
| How can you treat Hepatitis B? |
|
Definition
| Alpha interferon and lamivudine for chronic HBV; effective in 40%; HBIG for exposed, unvaccinated persons |
|
|
Term
| How can you diagnose HBV? |
|
Definition
| Bloo test to identify antigen and antibodies; HBsAg; HBeAg; HBcAg |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine available for Hepatitis B? |
|
Definition
| Yes, combined with HAV and HBV |
|
|
Term
| This viral hepatitis incidence is transfusion-related cases were decreased with blood screening but increased incidence expected related to risk behaviors in 60s and 70s; 4 million infected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This viral hepatitis accounts for 60% to 70% of all chronic hepatitis; 30% of chronic cases progress to cirrhosis; associated with liver cancer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 ways in which Hepatitis C can be transmitted |
|
Definition
Parenteral
Unidentified exposure |
|
|
Term
| Name 6 risk factors for Hepatitis C |
|
Definition
1. Current or previously used injected illegal drugs; intranasal cocaine use with shared equipment
2. Received blood transfusion or organ transplant before July 1992 or blood clotting products made before 1987
3. Tattooing/body piercing as a risk factor for HCV has not been completely evaluated in the US but isn't likely
4. Evidence of liver disease; liver transplant recipient
5. Infants born to HCV-infected mothers
6. Long-Term kidney dialysis |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Hepatitis C? |
|
Definition
| Combination therapy (interferon, ribaviron) in select cases |
|
|
Term
| How can you diagnose Hepatitis C? |
|
Definition
-Blood test to identify antibody; does not distinguish between current and past infection; anti-HCV
-Limited use of nucleic acid test |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine available for hepatitis C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liver diseases produced by excessive consumption of ethanol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 things included under alcoholic liver disease |
|
Definition
| Fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis |
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|
Term
| About 15% of alcoholics develop ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcoholism causes __% of cases of cirrhsis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pint of whiskey (approx 80 gams of ethanol) per day or 10-15 years is considered a threshold for development of cirrhosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can occur fatty liver disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can occur with alcoholic hepatitis? |
|
Definition
| Anorexia, malaise, fever, right upper ab pain, jaundice |
|
|
Term
| What can occur with cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
| GI symptoms, ascites, GI bleeding, liver failure, palmar erythema, spider angiomas |
|
|
Term
| What complications can come from fatty acid liver disease? |
|
Definition
| Reversible with abstinence, associated with sudden death |
|
|
Term
| What complications can occur with alcoholic hepatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What complications can occur with cirrhosis liver disease? |
|
Definition
| Portal hypertension, ascites, and esophageal varices, progressive liver failure |
|
|
Term
| Prognosis of alcoholic liver disease depends on abstinence. |
|
Definition
| Fatty liver and alcoholic hepatiis may recover fully; prognois is poor for cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Alcoholic Liver Disease? |
|
Definition
| Abstinence; treatments of complications of cirrhosis; liver transplantation. |
|
|
Term
| End stage liver disease in which the normal hepatic architecture is destroyed and replaced by scar tissue encircling nodule of regenerating hepatocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the prognosis for cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Inflammation of the pancreas; most commonly caused by gallstone or alcoholism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leakage of pancreatic enzymes digest the pancreas and surrounding tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the clinical manifestations of acute pancreatitis. |
|
Definition
-Acute epigastric pain radiating to the back
-N&V
-Serum amylase and lipase increase |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for acute pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
Supportive and symptomatic treatment
NPO (nothing by mouth)-to reduce pancreatic stimulaton and allow it to recover |
|
|
Term
| Long term pancreatic inflammation usually due to chronic alcoholism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations for chronic pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
Chronic or recurrent epigastric pain
The pt may have signs of pancreatic insufficiency, with malabsorption and diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
| Primary malignant tumor of pancreas, usually adenocarcinoma arising from pancreatic ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 4th most common cause of cancer death; highest in men, blacks, Native Americans, Polynesians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carcinoma of the pancreas has the highest incidence in what ages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6 risk factors for carcinoma of pancreas |
|
Definition
-Chronic gallbladder disease
-Diabetes mellitus
-Chronic hereditary pancreatitis
-Cigarette smoking
-Diets high in meat and fat
-Occupational exposure of carcinogns |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 clinical manifestations of carcinoma of pancreas |
|
Definition
-Systematic signs of cancer such as anorexia, weight loss
-Epigastric pain radiating to back
-Back pain
-Jaundice with acute painless dilation of gallbladder
-Carcinomas of the head are detected early due to jaundice |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 complications from carcinoma of the pancreas |
|
Definition
1. Obstructive jaundice especially with tumors of the head
2. Widespread metastatis, commonly to liver, lung, and peritoneum
3. Intestinal obstruction
4. Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau's sign)
5. Cachexia |
|
|
Term
| Stone in the gallbladder. A common disorder. Incidence increases with age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for cholelithiasis? |
|
Definition
Age
Female
Multiparity
Obesity
Remember as 4Fs "Female, Fertile, Forty, Fat" |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of cholelithiasis? |
|
Definition
| Usually asymptomatic, episodic pain in the right upper quadrant, N&V, usually precipitated by fatty meals. Biliary colic (severe pain) occurs when stones transiently block the cystic duct. |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the gallbladder usually associated with gallstones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of Cholecystitis? |
|
Definition
| Episodic biliary colic starts suddenly and often occurs postprandially. Severe right upper quadrant pain referred to the right scapula, low fever. Pain is steady and abates slowly. |
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