Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Hemo 201-1 - Anemia
68K - Hemo - 201 - 1 - Anemia
53
Medical
Not Applicable
01/31/2012

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is anemia?
Definition
RBCs, Hgb, and Hct below established normal values.  A decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.  Low Hgb or nonfunctional Hgb causes reduced oxygen capacity.
Term
What are the clinical signs and symptoms of anemia?
Definition
Fatigue, Skin Pallor, Jaundice, petechiae, headaches, low blood pressure, tachycardia (increased heartbeat).
Term
What are the three classifications of anemias in relation to RBC size?
Definition

Microcytic - < 80 MCV

Macrocytic - > 100 MCV

Normocytic - 80 - 100 MCV

Term
What are the causitive factors which are also used to for classification of anemias?
Definition
Acute or chronic blood loss.  Decreased or impared RBC production.  (defective Hgb synthesis, DNA synthesis)  Increased RBC destruction or loss from membrane defects, metabolic defects (enzyme deficiencies), immune and non-immune destruction.
Term
What are the MCV and MCHC values seen in microcytic, hypochromic anemia?
Definition

MCV < 80

MCHC < 32

Term
Microcytic, hypochromic anemia conditions result in _______ Hgb synthesis and the ________ to use iron.
Definition
reduced, inability
Term
Microcytic, hypochromic anemia is seen in what conditions?
Definition
Iron Deficiency Anemia, Sideroblastic Anemia, Thalassemia, and Lead Poisoning.
Term
What are the MCV and MCHC values associated with macrocytic, normochromic anemias?
Definition

MCV > 100

MCHC > 32

Term
Macrocytic, normochromic anemias are seen in what type of conditions?
Definition
Megaloblastic anemias such as vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency.
Term
What are the MCV and MCHC values associated with Normocytic, normochromic anemia?
Definition

MCV - 80-100

MCHC - 32-36

Term
What are the conditions seen with normocytic, normochromic anemia?
Definition

Conditions resulting in increased plasma volume,

  • acute blood loss,
  • hemolytic anemias,
  • aplastic anemias,
  • splenomegaly,
  • Anemia of chronic disorders (Rheumatoid arthristis, chronic infection, malignancy)
  • Anemia of chronic renal problems
  • Anemia of endocrine diseases (disease associated with thyroid, pituitary, adrenals, and gonads) 
Term
What is the Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) test, and how is it calculated?
Definition
Indicates the degree of anisocytosis, calculated using the MCV and RBC count (automated analyzers)
Term
What conditions cause a increased RDW value?
Definition
Iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies.
Term
Normal RDW values are seen in which type of anemia?
Definition
Microcytic thalassemia.
Term
What is the reticulocyte count test?
Definition
Indicates shortened RBC survival and the subsequent appropriate response by the bone marrow to increase RBC production.
Term
Retic counts are elevated in what type of anemia?
Definition
Hemolytic anemias
Term
Retic counts are often decreased  in anemias resulting from _______  ________ production.
Definition
decreased RBC
Term
Blood smear examinations serve as a quality control to verify the results of _________ __________.
Definition
automated analyzers
Term
True of False?  Examinations of bone marrow smears are performed when the cause cannot be determined or the differential diagnosis remains broad.
Definition
True
Term
Anemia caused by acute blood loss.
Definition
Usually associated with traumatic conditions such as an accident or severe injury.  Presents as a normocytic/normochromic anemia.
Term
In anemia caused by acute blood loss, after blood loss the anemia occurs as follows...
Definition
For the first few hours, vassoconstriction delays the onset of anemia (no change in hematocrit and hemoglobin).  Severe hemorrhage reduces an individual's total blood volume and produces a condition of shock.  The body adjusts itself by expanding the circulatory volume (fluid from the extravascular spaces enters the blood circulation).  This has a diluting effect on the remaining cells, which produces the subsequent anemia.
Term
Anemia caused by chronic blood loss is frequently associated with...
Definition
Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (bleeding ulcer), extremely heavy menstrul flow.
Term
Instead of a dilution problem as seen with acute blood loss, chronic blood loss results in an ______ _______ _________.
Definition
iron deficiency anemia.
Term
Anemia caused by chronic blood loss begins as _____________ anemia, until iron stores are depleted, then develops into _______________ anemia.
Definition
normocytic/normochromic... microcytic/hypochromic
Term
What are three types of anemias caused by defective hemoglobin synthesis?
Definition
Iron deficiency anemia, sideroblastic aemia, and thalassemia.
Term
True or false?  Anemias caused by defective Hgb synthesis are usually Microcytic.
Definition
True.
Term
What is the etiology of Iron deficiency anemia?
Definition
Develops from inadequate levels of iron, and usually occurs in infancy, pregnancy, women in child bearing years, and chronic blood loss.
Term
What causes iron deficiency anemia?
Definition
inadequate iron intake, increased iron need, and chronic loss of Hgb.
Term
With iron deficiency anemia, what are the CBC findings?
Definition

Microcytic/Hypochromic anemia

 Low RBC count, Hgb, Hct, MCV, MCH, & MCHC Increased RDW

Term
With iron deficiency anemia, what are the RBC morphology findings?
Definition

Small RBCs deficient in Hgb

Occasional target cells and elliptocytes

Term
With iron deficiency anemia, what are the iron studies findings?
Definition

Decreased serum iron

Increased TIBC

Decreased serum ferritin

Term
Sideroblastic Anemia: Etiology
Definition
  • Related to iron overload conditions.
  • Body has adequate iron but is unable to incorporate it into heme synthesis.
  • Iron enters the developing RBC but accumulates in the mitochondria.
  • Iron accumulation leads to presence of iron deposits around the nucleus of normoblasts (ringed sideroblasts).
  • Prussian blue stain of bone marrow will show ringed sideroblasts.
Term
What are three types of sideroblastic anemia?
Definition
  • Hereditary sideroblastic anemia
  • Secondary sideroblastic anemia
  • Idiopathic acquired sideroblastic anemia
Term
What are the causes of Hereditary Sideroblastic Anemia?
Definition
  • Result of inherited abnormal genes
  • Sex-linked recessive trait
  • Seen mostly in men
Term
What are the causes of Secondary Sideroblastic Anemia?
Definition
  • Typically caused by toxins or drugs
  • Lead poisoning
Term
What are the causes of Idiopathic Acquired Sideroblastic Anemia?
Definition
Causes are unknown
Term
What are the RBC morphology findings for hereditary & idiopathic acquired sideroblastic anemia?
Definition
  • Dimorphic
    • Microcytes and some normal cells
    • Hypochromic and some normochromic cells
  • Anisopoikilocytosis
  • Target cells
  • Pappenheimer bodies
  • Basophilic stippling (classic finding of lead toxicity)
Term
What are the RBC values for Hereditary and Acquired Idiopathic sideroblastic anemias?
Definition
  • Decreased hematocrit and reticulocytes
  • Increased RDW
Term
What are the iron study values for Hereditary and Acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemias?
Definition
  • Increased serum iron
  • Decrease in TIBC
Term
What are the causes of Hemochromotosis?
Definition
  • Excess accumulation of iron
  • Body's rate of iron exceeds the rate of loss (1mg/day)
  • Iron excess is toxic to the liver
  • Condition may be acquired or hereditary
Term
What type of hemochromatosis is caused as a result of mutations that affect proteins directly related to iron metabolism, and may lead to iron overload?
Definition
Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Term
Which type of hemochromatosis develops excess iron due to repeated transfusion of red blood cells, and iron in the donor RBCs overloads the patient's liver?
Definition
Transfusion-related Hemochromatosis (acquired)
Term
What are the lab findings for hemochromatosis?
Definition
  • Elevated transferrin saturation: common screening test
  • Elevated liver function test (ALT)
  • Elevated serum ferritin (assesses degree of iron overload)
Term
What is the name given to anemias that are caused by DNA synthesis?
Definition
Megaloblastic Anemias
Term
What causes megaloblastic anemias?
Definition
Vitamin b12 and folate deficiencies.
Term
How does a Folate deficiency and a B12 deficiency affect DNA synthesis? (directly/indirectly)
Definition

Folate - directly

B12 - indirectly

Term

Findings to diagnose Megaloblastic Anemia

CBC

Definition
  • Decreased WBC, RBC, and platelets
  • Decreased Hgb, and Hct
  • Increased MCH, MCV, and RDW
  • Normal MCHC
  • Low absolute reticulocyte count
Term

Findings to diagnose Megaloblastic Anemia

RBC morphology

Definition
  • Oval macrocytes
  • Slight TD
  • Moderate to marked anisocytosis/pokilocytosis
  • RBC Inclusions Include
    • BS
    • CR
    • HJB
Term

Findings to diagnose megaloblastic anemia

Neutrophil lobe count

Definition

Larger h-segs seen in 98% of the cases

significant find:

five 5-lobed or one 6-lobed neutrophil per 100 WBC count.

Term

Findings to diagnose megaloblastic anemia

Blood serum

Definition
Elevated bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase.
Term
What type of anemia is caused by malabsorption of vitamin b12 due to lack of intrinsic factor?
Definition
Pernicious Anemia
Term
What test is the diagnostic test for pernicious anemia, detects the loss of intrinsic factor and is diagnostic for the disease, and does not pinpoint cause of B12 malabsorption?
Definition
Schilling Test
Term
Both of these anemias are caused by decreased production of RBCs and classified as normochromic.
Definition
Aplastic Anemia and Pure Red Cell Aplasia
Supporting users have an ad free experience!