Term
| What are the 3 main functions of blood? |
|
Definition
| Transport, Regulation, Protection |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 components of formed elements in a centrifuged blood sample? |
|
Definition
| Buffy coat, Hematocrit (PCV) |
|
|
Term
| What causes separation in a blood sample? |
|
Definition
| Differences in mass density |
|
|
Term
| What is in the buffy coat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of the blood sample is the buffy coat in healthy animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of the blood sample is PCV in healthy animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an oversized buffy coat indicate? |
|
Definition
| Increase in WBCs, due to inflammation (pathogen-free, or infection) or leukemia |
|
|
Term
| Do males or females have higher Hct? Why? |
|
Definition
| Males; Testosterone stimulates & Estrogen inhibits RBC production |
|
|
Term
| What percent of plasma are proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of plasma is water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of plasma are other solutes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 examples of plasma proteins? |
|
Definition
| Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
| What are some other solutes in plasma? |
|
Definition
| Electrolytes, Nutrients, Gases, Regulators, Vitamins, & Waste Products |
|
|
Term
| Where are PPs derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the PP concentration in plasma in healthy animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are acute phase proteins that increase due to inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of PP increase is seen during inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the lab report show for PCV & PP in absolute increase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a relative increase in PP? |
|
Definition
| Hemoconcentration/Dehydration |
|
|
Term
| What type of PP increase is seen in dehydration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would PP be decreased? |
|
Definition
| End-stage liver disease or blood loss |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of decreased PP in end stage liver dz? |
|
Definition
| Decreased oncotic pressure, ascites |
|
|
Term
| What type of stem cells differentiate from the pluripotent stem cell pool (in relation to hemopoiesis)? |
|
Definition
| Myeloid & Lymphoid Stem Cells |
|
|
Term
| What cell lines differentiate from myeloid stem cells? |
|
Definition
| RBCs, Platelets, Monocytes, & Granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| What cell lines differentiate from lymphoid stem cells? |
|
Definition
| B-Lymphocytes & T-Lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the major sites of erythropoiesis in adults (& what are the #1 & #2 bones for bone marrow collection)? |
|
Definition
| Flat Bones (Pelvis, Sternum) |
|
|
Term
| What is hemopoiesis controlled by? |
|
Definition
| CSFs, ILs, Cytokines, Thrombopoietin, Erythropoietin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colony Stimulating Factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the total blood volume of adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do cats have higher or lower TBV? (How much higher or lower?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do dogs have higher or lower TBV? (How much higher or lower?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do birds have higher or lower TBV? How much higher or lower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much blood can be withdrawn from a patient for clinical purposes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much blood can be withdrawn from a healthy donor animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much crystalloids can be given to severely dehydrated patients, and within what time period? |
|
Definition
| Up to TBV (7% BW) within 1 hr |
|
|
Term
| How much fluids can be given for maintenance of a dehydrated patient, and over what time period? |
|
Definition
| Up to TBV (7% BW) over 24 hours |
|
|
Term
| How much of the infused fluid will have moved out of the vascular system into the tissues within 1 hour? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of blood cells are RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange & Regulation of blood pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All erythroid cells (precursors & RBCs) |
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do dogs have larger or smaller RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do horses have larger or smaller RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the concentration of RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Hb content of a RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of metabolism do RBCs use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have nucleated RBCs? |
|
Definition
| Amphibians, Fish, Reptiles, Birds |
|
|
Term
| What animal has the largest known RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has the highest concentration of RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How far do RBCs travel each day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long do RBCs live in most species? In cats & pigs? In birds? |
|
Definition
| 4-5 months, 2 months, 5 wks |
|
|
Term
| How many RBCs are produced each day? How many are removed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do RBCs rupture? What absorbs them? |
|
Definition
| Spleen (tight trabeculae); Macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What system is responsible for selective removal of RBCs? |
|
Definition
| Mononuclear-Phagocytic System |
|
|
Term
| Where are the macrophages of the mononuclear-phagocytic system? |
|
Definition
| Spleen, Liver, & Bone Marrow |
|
|
Term
| What happens to most RBC parts after phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is globin recycled into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is protoporphyrin converted into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Fe-transport form of Fe bound to PP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Fe-storage form of Fe bound to intracellular protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is transferrin produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is ferritin stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Fe released into for Hb synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is excess Fe stored when Fe-stores are full? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition can occur when ferritin stores are full? |
|
Definition
| Hemosiderosis/Iron Storage Dz --> Toxic Cell Damage |
|
|
Term
| What is erythropoiesis controlled by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the receptors triggered by hypoxia that lead to EPO release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does division of reticulocytes cease? |
|
Definition
| When critical Hb level is reached |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take to get from stem cell to reticulocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take reticulocytes in circulation to mature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when reticulocytes mature? |
|
Definition
| Loss of remaining RNA material, Loss of Hb synthesis ability |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal reticulocyte count in blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals do not release reticulocytes into circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nutritional factors are required for erythropoiesis? |
|
Definition
| Iron, Folic Acid, Vit B2,6,12 |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for elevated #s of reticulocytes to appear in blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How high does the reticulocyte count go after a challenge in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long until peak production of reticulocytes is seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does full replacement of RBCs take after a severe challenge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the buffy coat turn pink? |
|
Definition
| Nucleated RBCs (metarubricytes, rubricytes, rubriblasts in circulation) |
|
|
Term
| Do immature RBCs contribute to O2 carrying capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause microcytic MCV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause hypochromic MCHC? |
|
Definition
| Fe-deficiency, reticulocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What can cause hyperchromic MCHC? |
|
Definition
| This is an artifact due to hemolytic sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deficiency in oxygen carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
| What type of anemia is hemorrhagic anemia? |
|
Definition
| Hemmorhagic, Macrocytic, Hypochromic, Regenerative |
|
|
Term
| What type of anemia is hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
| Hemolytic, Macrocytic, Hypochromic, Regenerative |
|
|
Term
| What animal commonly has sickle cell anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is wrong in dyshemopoietic anemia? |
|
Definition
| Something with RBC production |
|
|
Term
| What type of anemia is a nutritional deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Dyshemopoietic, non-regenerative, microcytic, hypochromic |
|
|
Term
| What type of anemia is from chronic inflammatory disorders? |
|
Definition
| Dyshemopoietic, nonregenerative, normocytic, normochromic |
|
|
Term
| What is released in ACD/AID? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erythropoiesis suppressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anemia of Chronic Disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anemia of Inflammatory Disorders |
|
|
Term
| What type of anemia is chronic renal disease? |
|
Definition
| Dyshemopoietic, nonregenerative, normocytic, normochromic |
|
|
Term
| What type of anemia is drug-related suppression? |
|
Definition
| Dyshemopoietic, nonregenerative, normocytic, normochromic |
|
|
Term
| What are consequences of anemia? |
|
Definition
| Decreased ATP (exercise intolerance), Anaerobic Metabolism, Lactic acid build up, Dysfunction of Na/K Pump leading to depolarization (Tremors, Shivering), Hyperkalemia, Cell swelling & death, Bradycardia & Cardiac Arrest |
|
|
Term
| What is the compensation for anemia? |
|
Definition
| EPO, Hyperventilation, Vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| What occurs quickly after compensation for anemia? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic NS response, Vasoconstriction, Increased HR, Increased CO, Increase BP, Increased tissue perfusion |
|
|
Term
| What organs are most vulnerable to anemia? |
|
Definition
| Brain, Liver, Kidneys, GI Tract |
|
|
Term
| Is primary polycythemia common or rare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is secondary polycythemia common or rare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for primary polycythemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much does Hct increase in primary polycythemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breeds have naturally high PCV values? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some causes for secondary polycythemia? |
|
Definition
| High Altitude, Cardiac Failure, Lung Disease |
|
|
Term
| What type of polycythemia increases Hct by a few %, with plasma unchanged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes transient polycythemia? |
|
Definition
| Spleen contraction due to excitement & exercise |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for transient polycythemia? |
|
Definition
| Physiological Polycythemia |
|
|
Term
| Which type of polycythemia displays elevated PCV with normal plasma proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is relative polycythemia common or rare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of polycythemia is caused by dehydration/fluid loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of polycythemia displays hemoconcentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of polycythemia shows as elevated PCV & elevated PP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines blood type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of blood type antigens? |
|
Definition
| With & Without Natural Abs |
|
|
Term
| How are natural antibodies acquired? |
|
Definition
| Ags are taken in w/ food & the body develops Abs |
|
|
Term
| What animals have natural Abs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood type system in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood type system in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the least antigenic blood type in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different blood types of dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood type system of the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood type system of the cow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most important antigenic groups in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the first transfusion when Abs are not present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the second transfusion in an animal who did not have natural Abs? |
|
Definition
| Full-blown immune response against transfused RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What is the major cross-matching reaction? |
|
Definition
| expose donor RBCs to recipient plasma & observe for agglutination |
|
|
Term
| What is the minor cross-matching reaction? |
|
Definition
| expose recipient's RBCs to donor's plasma & observe for agglutination |
|
|
Term
| How can you avoid the minor reaction in a blood transfusion? |
|
Definition
| Remove plasma from donor blood |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 important characteristics of hemostasis? |
|
Definition
| Fast, Localized, Carefully Controlled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sequence of responses that stop bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 steps of hemostasis? |
|
Definition
| Vasospasm, Platelet Plug Formation (Primary Hemostasis), Blood Clot Formation (Secondary Hemostasis), Healing, Clot Removal (Fibrinolysis) |
|
|
Term
| Which step of hemostasis does not involve thrombocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of platelets in mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the concentration of platelets? |
|
Definition
| 150,000-300,000/microliter |
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate half life of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls platelet formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is released to cause vasospasm? |
|
Definition
| Endothelin from damaged cells, & Thromboxane A2 and serotonin from platelets |
|
|
Term
| How long can vasospasm last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is released by damaged endothelial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does binding of platelets activate platelets to do in platelet plug formation? |
|
Definition
| Send out pseudopodia to interact w/ e/o, Release serotonin & Thromboxane A2 to promote vasospasm, Release ADP & Thromboxane A2 to attract more platelets, Release ADP & Fibronectin to promote adhesion, Release platelet factors involved in clotting, expose receptor sites for Fibrinogen & Prothrombin |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits platelet plug formation in healthy vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does formation of the loose plug take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which step of hemostasis is crucial to seal off thousands of minute ruptures that occur every day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in platelet plug formation with larger injuries? |
|
Definition
| Clotting cascade activated to stabilize platelet plug w/ fibrin strands |
|
|
Term
| What is fibrinogen, where is it produced, and where is it always present? |
|
Definition
| a plasma protein; liver; in circulation |
|
|
Term
| What converts prothrombin to thrombin? |
|
Definition
| Prothrombin activator complex |
|
|
Term
| What converts fibrinogen to fibrin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does clot formation take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important step of hemostasis in a severe injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by both the intrinsic and extrinsic p'ways? |
|
Definition
| Prothrombin Activator Complex |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the common p'way? |
|
Definition
| Activation of prothrombin to thrombin |
|
|
Term
| How many clotting factors are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some types of clotting factors? |
|
Definition
| hepatic plasma factors, platelet factors, tissue factors, & calcium |
|
|
Term
| What happens if any clotting factor is missing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which coagulation system is tissue-based? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which coagulation system is plasma-based? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main factor in the extrinsic system? |
|
Definition
| Tissue Factor (Thromboplastin) |
|
|
Term
| What is the main factor in the intrinsic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does the extrinsic system take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does the intrinsic system take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What element is used in the enzymatic cascade for both the intrinsic and extrinsic systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the factors of the extrinsic system made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the factors of the intrinsic system made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For which system is bleeding not necessary? (E or I) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which system is faster & more powerful? (E or I) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the synthesis of prothrombin depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of Thrombin? |
|
Definition
| Positive feedback on E & I & platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
| What is the most powerful factor in the common p'way cascade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolyzes soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin monomers |
|
|
Term
| What destroys delocalized thrombin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the final stage of coagulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to fibrin monomers during coagulation? |
|
Definition
| Polymerization into long, cross-linked fibers w/i & around platelet plug to form a stable clot |
|
|
Term
| What happens within 30 min after bleeding is stopped by clot formation? |
|
Definition
| Platelets contract more & pull fibrin threads together --> clot retraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma minus clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| What is the blood fluid that remains after hemostasis has occurred? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates fibroblasts in the healing process of hemostasis? |
|
Definition
| Endothelial Growth Factor |
|
|
Term
| What serves as a scaffolding for invading fibroblasts during healing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is released 1-2 days after clot formation? |
|
Definition
| tissue-Plasminogen Activator (tPA) |
|
|
Term
| How long after clot formation is tPA released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolyzes fibrin fibers + clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| What are hydrolyzed fibrin fibers? |
|
Definition
| Fibrin Degradation Products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrin Degradation Product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens once FDPs are removed? |
|
Definition
| Dissolution of clot & opening of blood vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An active, proteolytic enzyme |
|
|
Term
| What prevents unnecessary plug/clot formation in vivo? |
|
Definition
| Hemostatic control mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| What characteristic of the blood vessels prevents hemostasis? |
|
Definition
| Smoothness of endothelial cells prevent platelet adhesion & activation |
|
|
Term
| What is secreted by intact endothelial cells & WBCs to inhibit platelet adhesion? |
|
Definition
| Prostacyclin & Nitric Oxide |
|
|
Term
| What binds thrombin to prevent excessive clot formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What combines with Antithrombin III to augment its effectiveness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells produce heparin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are in vitro anticoagulants? Give 4 examples. |
|
Definition
| Calcium binding agents; Citrate, Oxalate, EDTA, Heparin |
|
|
Term
| Give 3 examples of in vivo anticoagulants. |
|
Definition
| Heparin, Vit K antagonists, Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors (NSAIDs) |
|
|
Term
| Can calcium binding agents be used as anticoagulants in vivo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can Vit K antagonists be used as anticoagulants in vitro? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stop time until bleeding stops after a standardized small incision into skin or mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What is measured by Mucosal Bleeding Time? |
|
Definition
| Functionality of vWF & platelets to plug minute injuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One Stage Prothrombin Time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clot formation in citrated plasma after addition of tissue factor, platelet factors, & Ca |
|
|
Term
| What p'ways are measured by OSPT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the expected time of OSPT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the expected Mucosal Bleeding Time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time |
|
|
Term
| What is measured by APTT? |
|
Definition
| Clot formation after clean venipuncture in citrated plasma & addition of contact activator diatomaceous earth, platelet factors, & Ca |
|
|
Term
| What p'ways are measured by APTT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the expected time of APTT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of increased bleeding tendency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Decreased production or increased destruction or consumption of platelets |
|
|
Term
| What causes decreased production of platelets? |
|
Definition
| bone marrow suppression, drugs, FeLV, estrogen |
|
|
Term
| What can cause increased destruction of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause consumption of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common bleeding disorder in animals due to genetic lack/insufficiency of vWF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Platelets fail to adhere to injury sites --> Spontaneous bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of spontaneous bleeding caused by vW dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many breeds has vW dz been described in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breed of dog has a prevalence of vW dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of Dobermans have vW dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What step of hemostasis is affected by vW dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of rodenticides that are Vit K antagonists? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs in Vit K deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Impairment of liver synthesis of several clotting factors, most importantly Prothrombin |
|
|
Term
| What is hemophilia? How prevalent is it in animals? |
|
Definition
| Genetic deficiencies in a clotting factor; Very rare |
|
|
Term
| Where are signs of vW dz most commonly seen? |
|
Definition
| High friction sites (elbows, chest, under collar) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clotting in an unbroken blood vessel |
|
|
Term
| What can cause thrombosis? |
|
Definition
| Stasis, atherosclerosis, trauma, parasites, tumors |
|
|
Term
| What occurs if a thrombus dislodges? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blocking of blood vessels leading to ischemia |
|
|
Term
| What is a Saddle Thrombus, and what animals commonly display them? |
|
Definition
| Aortic thromboembolism, Cats |
|
|
Term
| What causes saddle thrombus? |
|
Definition
| Myocardial dz --> Thrombus formation in LA --> Embolism into aorta --> Lodges at Cd Trifurcation, blocking blood supply to iliac aa. |
|
|
Term
| What can be administered to dissolve a saddle thrombus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some signs of saddle thrombus? |
|
Definition
| Crying, dragging PLs, paresis of PLs, Cyanosis of toenails in PLs, Cold PLs |
|
|
Term
| What would occur from blocked blood vessels from a saddle thrombus? |
|
Definition
|
|
